…BrS is characterized by a distinct electrocardiographic (ECG) signature—coved ST segment elevation in the right precordial leads—and a propensity for life threatening polymorphic…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

…understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor…

…In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in…

…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…and mortality The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in…

…angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…Restenosis was more likely with: Small reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components…

…In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients…

…scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the…

…required. The rationale for electrical therapy over drugs is that, under monitored conditions, a controlled "dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm…

…Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is…

…injuries to the mediastinum can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the…

…tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as…

…See the separate guide to joint aspiration and injection. Indications Condition Injection site Comment : : : Subacromial bursitis, rotator cuff syndrome The subacromial space The best documented…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…closure in ASD/VSD. Serial measurements track shunt progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies …

…Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are prescribed…

…not tolerated, or when an individualized post PCI strategy favours P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy. Clopidogrel Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily is an established alternative to aspirin…

…Consequently, true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence on the CTI has…

…resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral therapies Post transplant medications…

…metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length…

…greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance effect. Treatment also affects…

…or the His Purkinje system. The underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease…

…During the acute infarction phase, endocardial inflammation and impaired regional contraction create conditions that favour thrombus formation. Extensive transmural septal infarction may also permit mural…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…more) or less than 1 mm. Negative U waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…Often, a rise in ETCO 2 is observed before a detectable pulse post ROSC. If ETCO 2 remains below 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) during…

…lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected…

…arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all…

…been completed. Furthermore, the blood pressure lowering effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2…

…systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are as follows: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction…

…coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by…

…T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of VT management has undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by…

…the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina) has increased, resulting in fewer cardiac arrests caused by these conditions…

Echocardiography Endocarditis Endocarditis implies that a bacterial infection engages the heart valves and this is a serious condition. The focus of infection on the flap…

…It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery…

…stockings. Avoid measuring the arm pressure on the side with a dialysis fistula, lymphoedema after axillary clearance or a recently inserted venous port. Procedure 1…

…emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the past three weeks, even before a blood count…

…An only hearing ear. Relative (choose a manual technique or refer to ENT): Condition Reason : : Diabetes, immunosuppression A risk of necrotising otitis externa Anticoagulant treatment…

…the area. A previous intraosseous attempt in the same bone within the past 24 hours — the fluid leaks out through the old hole. Infection or…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…20% increase in NSTEMI and a corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified…

…and the SWEDEHEART registries, demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF…

…to detect such dynamics. ST segment elevations with concave ST segment Concave ST segment elevations pose a diagnostic challenge (Figure 1 B). Such ST segment…