…accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral…

…Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Recurrent dynamic ECG changes suggestive of ischaemia…

…association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of viable myocardium…

…various interventions involved in BLS and ACLS. Intervention BLS or ACLS NNT to save 1 person Reference Early detection of cardiac arrest BLS 11 Berdowski…

…regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the adhesion and migration of inflammatory cells. Dyslipidaemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and other adverse…

…mechanical complications, and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of…

…thrombosis Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction Pericarditis Dynamic recurrence of ST segment elevation is particularly concerning for a new infarction. A pericardial rub and poor…

…presence of mitral stenosis, a mechanical heart valve or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure, hypertension, diabetes and vascular disease. Age and sex category. Renal and hepatic…

…the use of chest compressions, as well as possibly ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function…

…call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call coagulation service…

…Mechanical obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other…

…reduced cardiac output, haemodynamic collapse, and death. The clinical consequences are particularly important when pulmonary vascular obstruction is accompanied by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other…

…determinants of survival in cardiac arrest. All subsequent actions require trained professionals (e.g endotracheal intubation, mechanical chest compressions, targeted temperature management, etc.) and are…

…except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral stenosis, where warfarin applies. Apixaban is often preferred, among other reasons because it…

…during and after cardiac arrest with persisting electrical activity. Overdrive pacing in bradycardia dependent torsades de pointes. Standby pacing — pads applied but the device not…

…intimate understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which is classically framed by Virchow’s triad: blood stasis, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability [1] [2] . Mechanical stasis in…

…that of reverberations. Figure 4. Mirror image artifact. Side lobe artifact A 2D image is formed by allowing the ultrasound beam to sweep back and…

…from the transducer. These sound waves travel through tissues and fluids. Some of the sound waves are reflected back to the transducer. By analyzing the…

…The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention. Mechanical mechanisms Mechanical abnormalities may…

…researchers compared the effectiveness of milrinone and dobutamine . The primary composite outcome included in hospital mortality, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac transplantation or mechanical circulatory support…

…while others will transfer the mechanical (pressure) energy to the new medium, which may also start to vibrate (Figure 1). Figure 1. The principle of…

…any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation and…

…an increased risk of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias. Figure 2. Fragmented QRS complex. These QRS configurations are also indicate of previous myocardial infarction…

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease. It combines a structured family history, clinical evaluation, cardiac investigations…

…reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule. LDL C, non HDL C and apoB are usually…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use…

…pads if the patient is unstable or at marked risk of arrhythmia. 4. Take a full blood count, electrolytes, creatinine, glucose, high sensitivity troponin and…

…history, a positive Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds…

…Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance the effect of anticoagulants, increasing bleeding risk. Monitor coagulation…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone…

…one pathway of platelet activation, its antiplatelet effect is relatively limited compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary…

…at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis…

…injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and the possibility of thrombolytic treatment. Cardiac and pulmonary complications Acute hypertension may precipitate myocardial ischemia…

…ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are revascularization procedures. Both…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several years, although risk may remain higher than that of never smokers for a…

…beats per minute. Note that with a paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…sets of piezoelectric crystals; one set for sending ultrasound and the other for analyzing reflected sound waves. The cardinal difference between continuous wave Doppler and…

…annihilate each other, producing two gamma photons emitted in opposite directions. PET scanners detect these gamma rays to construct images with high spatial and temporal…

…opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and inhibit them from being detected by leads with opposite angles of observation…

…of 20–40 it is most likely a ventricular escape rhythm. Ventricular escape rhythms are unreliable, such that they may cease and thus cause cardiac…

…lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement…

…marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather than abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…front , and this is why the margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis…

…then 100 mg × 1 5–7 days Epiglottitis and other severe upper airway infection cefotaxime 1–2 g × 3 IV Depends on the diagnosis Always…

…creatinine, acid–base status and signs of myocardial ischaemia must be monitored during treatment [4,6]. Important exceptions Condition Overall strategy Common first choices : : : Acute…

…physical activity and any other precipitating factor. Thresholds The thresholds below are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient…

…up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document the starting time, the baseline plasma sodium, the target for the first few hours, and the…

…with the other tests normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis…

…the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response. A neutropenic patient with a suspected infection and organ dysfunction…

…in mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the…