…can change before creatinine but is not a pure marker of filtration. Oliguria may be due to hypovolaemia, shock, obstruction or advanced renal injury. Conversely…

…Risk of acute kidney injury increases when combined with ACE inhibitors. Corticosteroids and other NSAIDs: Increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when combined with acetylsalicylic acid…

…due to mechanisms other than myocardial ischaemia. Acute myocardial injury may arise from conditions such as sepsis, myocarditis, or takotsubo syndrome, while chronic myocardial injury…

…ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia. After this period…

…spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods fail to open the airway. Figure 1. Methods to…

…transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as ST segment depressions. These depressions…

…combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood flow…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish isolated myocardial injury from…

…test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute or so…

…acute PE severity , including clinical findings, RV dysfunction on imaging, and myocardial injury shown by laboratory testing. Comorbidity and aggravating conditions , which may worsen early…

…Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated…

…myocardial injury and troponin elevation but are non ischaemic mimics rather than MINOCA when identified as the final diagnosis. Reported prevalence varies according to the…

…be described by their effect on walking distance, daily activities, work and independence. Exercise testing can quantify both the time to initial claudication and the…

…from other mechanisms. Differential diagnoses and alternative causes of troponin release must therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous…

…rapidly with intravenous drugs. Such treatment has not been shown to improve the prognosis and can cause hypotension, acute kidney injury, myocardial ischaemia or cerebral…

…biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome, haemolysis The…

…on the treatment threshold and on whether haemodialysis should be considered. Rhabdomyolysis with marked elevation of CK and threatened kidney injury, as an adjunct to…

…and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical presentations…

…may be reduced. Other possible findings include muscle stiffening and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Pulses are absent distal to the obstruction, although Doppler examination…

…of life, contribute to heart failure, and increase the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and…

…is essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two leads if possible to distinguish true bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest from other tachyarrhythmic events. On the surface…

…Reported risks vary according to the population and definitions used. Complication Reported risk (%) Mortality 0.11 Myocardial infarction 0.05 Cerebrovascular accident 0.07 Arrhythmias…

…detailed symptom to anatomy correlation. Pain may be absent, particularly in iatrogenic aortic injury. Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive…

…occur in association with other procedural complications, including distal embolization, coronary dissection, perforation, and abrupt closure. The clinical consequences depend heavily on the amount of…

…transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as ST segment depressions. These depressions…

…macrophages, neurons and other tissues. This distribution helps explain why PA produces cardiovascular injury beyond its effects on blood pressure and potassium balance. The principal…

…and fibrin and enlarging the occlusive thrombus. The severity of myocardial injury depends on the size of the supplied territory, completeness and duration of occlusion…

…Thrombotic susceptibility is likewise affected by inflammation and other systemic influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but…

…The injury currents are not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents…

…measure the dosing recommendation is based on. The absolute GFR (mL/min) must be used for dosing, not the value normalised to body surface area —…

…women or five for men on one occasion. Pharmacokinetics and pathophysiology Approximately 95% of ingested ethanol undergoes hepatic metabolism. Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde…

…The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu (influenza) and other viral respiratory infections. However…

…in approximately 0.5–12% of angiographic series and up to 5–75% of CT series; other angiographic descriptions report rates of approximately 5–10%…

…any age) V2 to V3 Greater than or equal to 1.5 mm All patients Other leads Greater than or equal to 1 mm These…

…problem is necessary for durable treatment. Intracoronary imaging is encouraged to define the mechanism rather than relying on angiography alone. Factors associated with restenosis The…

…injury involves the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical determinants for infarction occurrence and extension. Plaque rupture or erosion leads to…

…length Large thrombotic burdens increase procedural risk because thrombus can fragment, embolize to other coronary branches or vascular beds, propagate through gaps between stent struts…

…four processes that defined the victim's outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac…

…debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a…

…compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close to large vessels, in the groin or on the neck Bleeding, vascular injury, pseudoaneurysm Surgeon, ultrasound first Other situations that argue…

…Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This corresponds to the principles of TiTrATE, in…

…A normal creatinine can conceal markedly reduced renal function. Acute kidney injury changes clearance from day to day. Reassess the dose daily and follow creatinine…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to international guidelines are decompression sickness and sickle cell crisis…

…lighter fluid Others Cyanide, boric acid, fluoride Preparation and equipment Medicinal charcoal as a ready made suspension or as a powder for suspension in water…

…of the R waves. This is believed to be due to delayed (and thus electrically unopposed) depolarization in the ischemic area. Fragmented QRS complex The…

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

…reported in patients taking ticagrelor. This is related to ticagrelor inhibiting the P2Y12 receptor on healthy donor platelets in the test. Information about concurrent ticagrelor…

…dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de…

…combined dyslipidaemia, non HDL C is particularly relevant because it captures triglyceride rich lipoproteins in addition to LDL and other apoB containing particles. Cardiovascular risk…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based on symptoms, the ECG…

…with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and aggregation contribute importantly to arterial thrombus formation…

…containing lipoproteins, including: LDL Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…may have resulted in increased mortality due to stopping statins. There are three main questions discussed in media, blogs and on social plattforms: Is high…

…acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…and treatment goals Diabetes, left ventricular function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator…