…first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance…

…disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to…

…of myocardial infarction The Fourth Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to…

…enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters is which change can explain the pH, and whether the other…

…a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate…

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

…present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac…

…impression of indigestion. STEMI pain can simulate pain from acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, acute aortic dissection, costochondritis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Radiation of discomfort to the…

…injury leads to release of cardiac troponin, but troponin elevation is not specific for myocardial infarction. Other conditions may produce cardiomyocyte injury and elevated troponin…

…Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, Brugada syndrome, early repolarization. Electrolyte disorders, acidosis, hypoxemia and ischemia all aggravate the…

…intraluminal mass and lesion haziness raise suspicion of thrombus, although haziness is not specific. Intravascular imaging can identify plaque disruption, thrombus and other structural features…

…Patients with MINOCA tend to be younger and more often female than patients with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction. A history of cigarette smoking may be…

…The term ST segment deviation refers to elevation and depression of the ST segment. The magnitude of ST segment deviation is measured as the height…

…without identifiable cardiac disease. Contributing factors include pulmonary disorders, particularly obstructive pulmonary disease, the use of theophylline, and elevated catecholamine states. EAT typically has an…

…after reperfusion in an occluded coronary artery. It also occurs as side effect of drugs, hypoxia, myocarditis and electrolyte disorders. Because the rate (60–100…

…electrolyte disorders , congenital heart disease and catecholamine induced ventricular tachycardia . The vast majority of patients with ventricular tachycardia either have coronary artery disease (ischemic heart…

…S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies. Other causes include immobilization…

…other disorders that may bring about similar ECG changes, and these are as follows: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC/ARVD) – ARVC also tends to…

…and herpes zoster pain are other considerations when assessing chest pain [2]. Autoimmune/Malignancy: A history suggesting an autoimmune disorder or known malignancy may suggest…

…and the maximum tolerated exercise time. Chronic limb threatening ischaemia CLTI occurs when resting perfusion is insufficient to meet the basal nutritional requirements of tissue…

…Abretone, Abirapro Several cases of QT prolongation and torsade de pointes reported to the FDA in postmarketing studies. Anti androgen Cancer (Prostate) Abiraterone is an…

…of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products. In cardiovascular medicine, the objective is not merely to…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…their treatment may require immediate stenting or other procedural intervention. The clinical importance of the finding is related to the extent of myocardium at risk…

…or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease or marked hypercholesterolaemia. Physical findings related to cholesterol deposition. Untreated or inadequately…

…nausea and vomiting 8 to 24 hours Alcoholic hallucinosis, often visual, auditory or tactile hallucinations with a relatively clear level of consciousness and preserved orientation…

…or with continued glucose administration adapted to the cause. 8. Identify drugs, renal failure, alcohol, a missed meal, physical activity and any other precipitating factor…

…owing to changes in intra and extracellular electrolyte concentrations. Some electrolyte imbalances are clinically negligible (from an electrophysiological standpoint), whereas others may be life threatening…

…is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma sodium reflects the ratio between the body's exchangeable sodium and potassium and the total body…

…Google) for anything related to statins, LDL cholesterol and dietary fat returns thousands of blogs and media posts that are skeptical of everything surrounding these…

…transmural ischemia may transiently increase the amplitude of the R waves. This is believed to be due to delayed (and thus electrically unopposed) depolarization in…

…set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas determines the need for…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…is related to the absolute reduction in LDL C, regardless of the drug used to achieve it. Absolute benefit depends on baseline cardiovascular risk and…

…to maintain cellular function. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen available. Insufficient oxygen supply results in diminished ATP production and subsequently disruption of…

…10 minutes of the diagnosis, if symptom duration is under 12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis Transfer directly to a PCI…

…Dix–Hallpike test and the absence of other neurological findings. The treatment is a repositioning manoeuvre. Indications Brief attacks of vertigo, seconds to a minute…

…term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular…

…low density lipoprotein (VLDL) Chylomicrons and other triglyceride rich particles Thus, non HDL C provides a broader estimate of atherogenic cholesterol than LDL C alone…

…compared with agents that inhibit other platelet pathways. The distinction between primary and secondary prevention is fundamental: Primary prevention refers to individuals without established atherosclerotic…

…PAD), and other manifestations of systemic atherosclerosis. The principal clinical concern is cerebral embolism or haemodynamic compromise leading to transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke…

…In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography…

…and drug related presentations Severe hypertension may result from phaeochromocytoma, monoamine oxidase inhibitor crisis, cocaine intoxication, or other sympathomimetic exposure, including methamphetamine. Abrupt withdrawal of…

…function and other comorbidities Surgical risk and contraindications to prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy Patient preferences, local expertise and operator or institutional experience Assessment of coronary…

…paper speed of 25 mm/s, which is standard in the US and many other countries, a 2:1 block will be difficult to discern…

…This is because the strong and oppositely directed forces tend to cancel each other out. However, the ECG may show features characteristic of biventricular hypertrophy…

…myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea, pain radiating to the left arm/shoulder/throat, palpitations, back pain and selected cases of upper abdominal pain. An…

…velocitites to be measured. Continuous wave Doppler is therefore not limited by pulse repetition frequency (PRF). Figure 1. The principles of continuous wave Doppler and…

…uptake linearly related to coronary blood flow. 15 O Water is an ideal tracer, with a short half life (2 minutes), causing minimal radiation exposure…

…not strong enough to be detected on leads with opposite angle of observation. Other vectors may interfere with the injury currents, and inhibit them from…

…and ventricular rates are most often not equal (which makes the PR interval appear as varying). Management of third degree AV block Please refer to…

…lowest rib and the iliac crest, at the end of expiration, with the tape horizontal and without compressing the skin. Ratios and other measurements Measurement…

…drug and forgetting to restart it after the procedure. Document the restart date in the medical record. Sources ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial…

…Clean the skin and apply the drape. Anaesthetise skin, subcutaneous tissue and then the periosteum at several points around the puncture site , and wait a…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…on an irregular surface. Petroleum jelly around the lesion to protect the surrounding skin. Eye protection and gloves for the operator. Explain before treatment that…

…obstruction of the bowel or the urinary tract. Marked bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome or high grade AV block without pacemaker protection. Asthma and other marked…