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🟠 Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

…first sign of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or hypersensitivity. Interactions Pharmacodynamic interactions Anticoagulants, thrombolytics, or other platelet aggregation inhibitors: Salicylates inhibit platelet function and enhance…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…disorders, hypoxemia, antiarrhythmic drugs, or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to…

The Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction: Types 1–5

…of myocardial infarction The Fourth Universal Definition separates MI into five principal types. Type Mechanism or setting Type 1 Acute atherothrombotic MI, usually related to…

Blood gas interpretation: quick reference for acid-base disorders

…enough to ask which of the pCO₂ and the HCO₃ deviates most. What matters is which change can explain the pH, and whether the other…

Familial and Genetic Screening in Premature Cardiovascular Disease

…a 50% risk of transmitting the relevant variant to each child. However, other inheritance patterns, de novo variants, incomplete penetrance and variable phenotypic expression complicate…

Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…local and systemic disorders. Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space may lead to increased intrapericardial pressure, which in turn affects ventricular relaxation (and thus…

Cardiovascular Risk Assessment with SCORE2 and SCORE2-OP

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

Primary Aldosteronism: Screening and Management

…it binds the MR, which translocates to the nucleus and induces expression of aldosterone responsive genes. Although the kidney is a major target—where MR…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…reproductive and pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of…

Secondary Hypertension: When and How to Investigate

…present Factors that may be contributing to elevated blood pressure Other cardiovascular risk factors and relevant comorbidities Evidence of hypertension mediated organ damage Existing cardiac…

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