…On the other hand, for the purpose of diagnosing morphological changes (e.g. myocardial ischemia, ventricular hypertrophy), the ability to do so increases as the…

…4. Make a small skin incision with the scalpel. 5. Aspiration: advance the needle with the stylet in place perpendicular to the bone surface, angled…

…pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that causes tissue metabolic requirements to exceed…

Indications Acute myocardial infarction. Unstable coronary artery disease. Stable angina pectoris. Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA…

…preferably anteroposteriorly : one anteriorly over the praecordium to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine…

…puncture, and antibiotics and a corticosteroid are then given immediately after blood cultures. For questions other than acute meningitis — an insidious onset, known malignancy, immunosuppression…

…fasciitis — pain that is disproportionately severe, a rapid course, skin discolouration, systemic upset — is an acute surgical emergency, not an abscess. Preparation and equipment No…

…the antecubital fossa with the Doppler probe at 45–60° to the skin. Inflate to 20 mmHg above the point at which the signal disappears…

…of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with vasculitis Individual assessment Repeat the ABI every three to six…

…Key messages Two things set the COPD exacerbation apart from many other causes of acute dyspnoea: oxygen must be titrated cautiously and the blood gas…