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Cardiac tamponade causing cardiac arrest

…Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade…

Abscess incision and drainage

…Place a field block around the abscess. 3. Make the incision along the skin tension lines and make it long enough — as a rule of…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…major vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding…

Eye examination and corneal foreign body

…an operating microscope. Relative: A patient who cannot keep the gaze still. A deeply embedded body reaching the stroma or deeper. The absence of a…

Inotropes and vasopressors: doses, indications, contraindications and effects

…α1 stimulation and thereby vasoconstriction with a marked rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension (caution during non selective beta…

Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relationship: Preload, Afterload, Stroke Volume, Wall Stress & Frank-Starling's law

…The aortic valve closes when aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure. ESV (End Systolic Volume) is defined as left ventricular volume at the closure of…

Foreign body in the ear and nose

…leakage of fluid causes a chemical burn Two or more magnets (including in different nostrils) Immediately — pressure necrosis across the septum A live insect As…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…to the head and neck Fragile skin, poor healing Ear canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of…

Casting and immobilisation

…cause of pressure sores. 4. Dip the plaster in tepid water and squeeze out the excess without wringing. 5. Put the slab in place and…

Reduction of dislocations

…becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment…

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