…severe metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…and unstable angina will be discussed in detail. The clinical definitions and recommendations presented in this chapter are in line with recent guidelines (2020) issued…

…plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have little or no calcium despite clinically relevant non calcified plaque, particularly in middle age. Conversely…

…in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Its principal therapeutic objective…

…acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most…

…acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most…

…R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life of life hospital arrival upon arrival: a retrospective multicenter study…

…invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD…

…consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to a low cardiac output. Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for…

…those with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI. In STEMI…

…Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing and circulation Observation, a non sedating antihistamine for symptoms Anaphylaxis Objective airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise, or a rapidly…

…life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with…

…life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2, and LQT3. This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with…

…and in the uncontrolled emergency — but it should be changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set with…

…rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension (caution during non selective beta blockade). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock. Bradycardia (second line treatment…

…a minute or so. 5. Advance the needle in the midline with a slight cranial angulation , about 15 degrees towards the umbilicus. Use the intr

…non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper bleeding with…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…that active hypothermia is still used in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the clearest area in which Swedish practice differs between…

…Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the patient does not have structural heart disease or…

…with reported reductions of up to 50–55% in guideline summaries. It also lowers non HDL C by up to approximately 50% and apolipoprotein B…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…thick fibrous cap but suffer from endothelial denudation. The local microenvironment is rich in hyaluronan, toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential, and historically 2–6% of patients discharged with presumed non ischaemic…

…other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless…

…cmH₂O Increase in steps of 2.5 to 10–12.5 cmH₂O according to tolerance and effect SpO₂ 94–98% COPD exacerbation with pH <…

…with extended no flow periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as if the initial rhythm was asystole (Podsiadlo et al.). Assess life…

…likely in an older patient with non classical features. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) has a substantially more diverse genetic basis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who do not meet the established ECG criteria for STEMI, leading to delays in potentially life saving interventions…

…for chest compressions. ECMO is considered in individuals who can survive with satisfactory quality of life if the circulation is temporarily supported by ECMO. Furthermore…

…In patients with acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but is more frequent when the underlying cause is non…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…These tachyarrhythmias arise in the atria and are very rarely life threatening. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥ 0.12 s): the…

…Ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) denotes the subgroup in whom objective myocardial ischaemia is demonstrated. ANOCA may occur in up to 70% of…

…phenomenon in myocardial perfusion imaging, illustrated in Figure X, highlights the non linear relationship between tracer uptake and coronary blood flow. As observed with tracers…

…In cases where precise GFR assessment is critical, especially in individuals with near normal kidney function, alternative equations like the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration…

…the spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis…

…life lost due to cardiovascular disease ( Myerburg et al ). Sudden unexpected cardiac arrest is the mechanism of death for about half of all individuals with…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements…

…ventilation and automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) …

…diagnosis, as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest…

…and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia…

…levels, together with a low salt, low cholesterol diet, regular physical activity, avoidance of smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life…

…Coimbra R. Open chest versus closed chest cardiopulmonary resuscitation in trauma patients with signs of life upon hospital arrival: a retrospective multicenter study. Crit Care…

…The table below shows a systematic history taking in patients presenting with chest pain (chest discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed…

…mm (green) for rapid transfusion, preferably two lines in a bleeding patient. A transfusion set with a filter. Blood components must not be given through…

…of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden…

…in principle delivering LVEF's practical advantages with better discrimination. The missing ingredient has been a training set large enough to link raw waveforms to…

…Mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is the most common. Mutations in non desmosomal genes are less common. The following genes are associated with ARVC…

…Non invasive methods, such as oscillometric blood pressure devices, may provide less accurate MAP readings compared to invasive arterial catheterization, particularly in patients with irregular…

…a syringe for the cuff in the models that have one, a cuff manometer. A videolaryngoscope with both a Macintosh like and a hyperangulated blade…

…1, not 200%). Conclusion Echocardiographic calculation of Qp/Qs is a cornerstone in managing patients with intracardiac shunts. By integrating anatomical measurements and Doppler hemodynamics…

…assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is a modification of the widely used CHA₂DS₂ VASc score, with the primary…

…typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While ECG appearances with flutter like patterns are predominantly caused by macroreentrant circuits, microreentry remains a possible alternative mechanism…

…need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal…