…metabolic derangement. Major surgery with expected blood loss or large volume shifts. Patients in whom non invasive measurement is unreliable: marked obesity, pronounced vasoconstriction, arrhythmia…

…Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter in the intestine…

…Pain). As in patients with STEMI, those with NSTEMI and unstable angina are at considerable risk of developing life threatening ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, ventricular…

…plaque burden or stenosis severity directly. A patient may have little or no calcium despite clinically relevant non calcified plaque, particularly in middle age. Conversely…

…Addition of a non statin lipid lowering agent in patients receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy whose LDL C is ≥70 mg/dL (≥1.8 mmol…

…acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most…

…acquired). The VT is polymorphic with a gradual alteration in the QRS amplitude, often with twisting of the QRS complex around the isoelectric line. Most…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…to invasive coronary angiography (ICA) for excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…those with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater extent of ischemia present in STEMI. In STEMI…

Akutsjukvård Lathundar Basic principle Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin…

…of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non…

…of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases, device implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non…

…arrest and in the uncontrolled emergency — but it should be changed or removed once the situation has stabilised. Preparation and equipment A central line set…

…rise in SVR. As for the intermediate dose, together with marked hypertension (caution during non selective beta blockade). Dobutamine Cardiogenic shock. Bradycardia (second line treatment…

…be measured in the sitting position . 2. Identify the level. Palpate both iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them. The line crosses the…

…mortality than non variceal bleeding [1,2]. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can present as haematemesis, coffee ground vomiting or melaena. Haematochezia can occur in massive upper…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…likely that the coming guidelines by the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) will be in line with the European guidelines…

…non shockable initial rhythm More patients with a good neurological outcome (CPC 1–2) at 90 days, 10.2 % versus 5.7 %; no difference in…

…Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the patient does not have structural heart disease or…

…with reported reductions of up to 50–55% in guideline summaries. It also lowers non HDL C by up to approximately 50% and apolipoprotein B…

Echocardiography Ultrasound artifacts The following artifacts are common in ultrasound imaging: The ultrasound image displays non existing structures. The ultrasound image does not display existing…

…thick fibrous cap but suffer from endothelial denudation. The local microenvironment is rich in hyaluronan, toll like receptor 2 (TLR2), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)…

…systole. Transesophageal echocardiography and surgical pathology demonstrate that over 90% of thrombi in non valvular AF originate within this specific anatomical cul de sac [19] …

…discharged with presumed non ischaemic chest pain were subsequently found to have had an infarction. Pathophysiological Considerations The central pathophysiological concern in the emergency department…

…elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS, a strategy involving coronary angiography and…

…consciousness not attributable to hypercapnia, marked swallowing difficulty, vomiting. Haemodynamic instability or a life threatening arrhythmia. Undrained pneumothorax. Facial trauma, facial burns or recent facial…

…with signs of life <28 °C Very severe hypothermia No signs of life <24 °C Actions in accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest or cardiopulmonary depression…

…over the lifetime. Expression is relatively uncommon in the first decade, rises progressively through adulthood and becomes less steep in later life, although diagnoses may…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…limitation has been acknowledged in contemporary clinical guidelines (Byrne et al, 2023). A new framework differentiating Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) from Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction…

…or in case of long no flow or low flow periods. Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support…

…Emergency medicine Procedurer Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiac tamponade is a life threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…junctional tachycardia. These tachyarrhythmias arise in the atria and are very rarely life threatening. Causes of tachyarrhythmia with wide QRS complexes (QRS duration ≥ 0.12…

…recurrent symptoms causing impaired quality of life. Women with suspected angina are more likely than men to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and…

…The absence of thallium uptake indicates non viable myocardium, while redistribution into initially hypoperfused regions suggests viability. What is myocardial redistribution? In myocardial perfusion imaging…

…widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available…

…presumed to result from ongoing myocardial ischaemia Haemodynamic instability or cardiogenic shock Life threatening arrhythmias or cardiac arrest after presentation Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction…

CPR Hearts too good to die In 1961 the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article titled Hearts too good to die…

…Sudden Cardiac Death (FHSCD) : A history of SCD in close relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia (NSVT) : Episodes of VT…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements…

CPR This chapter will introduce the most common and essential terms used in resuscitation science, providing a foundation for understanding subsequent chapters. SCA (Sudden Cardiac…

…as the syndrome associated with ischemic heart disease is broader than chest pain itself, encompassing symptoms like tightness, pressure, and discomfort in the chest, arms…

…and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients presenting with intermittent symptoms of bradycardia…

…smoking, and adequate sleep. The process should begin early in life. Primordial prevention in childhood may reduce the subsequent development of hypertension, elevated LDL cholesterol…

…et al. Epidemiology and outcome of adult out of hospital cardiac arrest of non cardiac origin in Osaka: a population based study. BMJ Open 2014…

…condition) In addition to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute…

…between regions — follow the local transfusion medicine regulations. In life threatening haemorrhage without a valid blood group, give group O RhD negative blood (always RhD…

…of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden…

…in the United States alone, yet no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie…

…can be confirmed in roughly 60% of individuals with ARVC. Mutations in the desmosomal gene PKP2 is the most common. Mutations in non desmosomal genes…

…blood flow to vital organs such as the brain and kidneys. Maintaining MAP within an optimal range is crucial in managing conditions like sepsis, trauma…

…a syringe for the cuff in the models that have one, a cuff manometer. A videolaryngoscope with both a Macintosh like and a hyperangulated blade…

…Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows…

…bleeding complications. The CHA₂DS₂ VA score is a clinical tool designed to assess stroke risk in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation (AF). It is…

…typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While ECG appearances with flutter like patterns are predominantly caused by macroreentrant circuits, microreentry remains a possible alternative mechanism…

…need for non cardiac surgery. The presence of an indication for oral anticoagulation (OAC). Clinical context and treatment objectives DAPT is used in two principal…