…The emergency evaluation of non traumatic chest discomfort is structured around three principal diagnostic categories: Myocardial ischaemia , particularly acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Other cardiopulmonary causes…

…oedema, sometimes requiring non invasive ventilation or intubation. Aortic disease An acute aortic dissection is a hypertensive emergency requiring the most rapid BP response. The…

…a drug, insect venom or another non food allergen 2. Acute airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise after exposure to a known or probable allergen , even…

…must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that directly affect the myocardium or major vessels…

…acute pericarditis, tamponade is uncommon when the cause is viral or idiopathic but is more frequent when the underlying cause is non idiopathic. Clinical Presentation…

…Iatrogenic lesions commonly follow cardiac surgery, coronary angiography or other invasive procedures, and affected patients may be relatively painless compared with those with spontaneous dissection…

…significant dynamic change is consistent with chronic myocardial injury. Non ischaemic conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure…

…Inadequate oxygenation despite maximal oxygen or non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing…

…trials, tenecteplase was non inferior to alteplase with respect to an excellent functional outcome, without an increased risk of symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage or death [3]…

…not routinely undergo immediate angiography. A selective or delayed approach is recommended in this setting unless other findings justify urgent intervention. Risk scores Several risk…

…®, Rogitine ® Indications Hypertensive crisis. Mechanism of action Phentolamine is a non selective alpha adrenergic blocker. Phentolamine reduces blood pressure while increasing catecholamine activity…

…VT : VT 30 seconds, or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to…

…VT : VT 30 seconds, or VT <30 seconds terminated by therapy. Non sustained VT (NSVT) : VT with ≥3 beats and spontaneous termination. Classification according to…

…to these five conditions, there are numerous other causes of chest pain, but the other causes are either subacute or non acute. The history taking…

…troponin. If clinical suspicion persists despite an initially non diagnostic ECG, the ECG must be repeated, particularly with ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]…

…weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…home or on 24 hour recording. Masked hypertension: normal in the office but raised outside it — associated with the same risk as manifest hypertension. Non…

…incompatible infusions. Haemodialysis, plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure…

…Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for their use in the emergency department, the intensive care or coronary care unit, and the operating…

…to a hospital with 24/7 PCI capability, bypassing non PCI hospitals. A regional network should link emergency medical services, non PCI hospitals, PCI centres…

…be able to identify shockable rhythms, i.e. tachyarrhythmias that can be terminated by means of defibrillation (non synchronized shock) or cardioversion (synchronized shock). Ven

…performed on all patients seeking medical attention due to chest discomfort or other symptoms that may be caused by myocardial ischemia. Other symptoms include dyspnea…

…of death for most diseases and conditions, including non cardiovascular conditions. A cardiac arrest can be expected or unexpected. The most common cause of cardiac…

…severity of symptoms in STEMI patients, compared to those with Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI) or unstable angina (UA), is attributed to the greater…

…3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm), which…

…therapy. I C Symptom relief Symptom Management Recommendation Level of evidence Hypoxia Oxygen is indicated if SaO2 < 90% or PaO2 < 60 mmHg. I…

…for hypertensive emergency. In that setting, clinical assessment must determine whether immediate blood pressure lowering treatment is required. Patients with suggestive symptoms, signs or a…

…non invasive and invasive rewarming techniques should be pursued. Heated intravenous fluids (crystalloids). Heated and moistened oxygen. Warm covers. Heat fan. Remove any cold or…

…CVD is related to the number and severity of cardiovascular risk factors. Five modifiable factors—systolic blood pressure, non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index…

…novel classification has been proposed: Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO…

…and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non pregnant adults. The fetus is not harmed by defibrillation, amiodarone, or adrenaline (epinephrine)…

…in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS Classification The clinical spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes encompasses Unstable Angina (UA), Non ST Elevation…

…ischemia that only affects the subendocardium). STEMI, on the other hand, is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop…

…the IPAP against hypercapnia SpO₂ 88–92% Hypoxaemic failure without hypercapnia CPAP or high flow nasal oxygen 5–10 cmH₂O According to oxygenation requirement SpO₂…

…even when LDL C is normal or low. Clinical Significance Non HDL C is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk for both initial and on treatment…

…is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even lesions with a visual diameter reduction of 50–70% may or may not produce ischaemia. Conversely, some lesions…

…coronary artery. Non obstructive disease is generally defined as the absence of a stenosis of 50% or more in any potential infarct related artery. MINOCA…

…obstructive atherosclerotic CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction or vasospasm. A normal or non obstructive coronary anatomy does not necessarily exclude an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ezetimibe is a non statin lipid lowering agent that inhibits the Niemann–Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter…

…to have non anginal symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue, as well as a greater prevalence of MVA. Symptoms may be persistent or episodic and…

…a non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or…

…a lens which causes significant refraction, directing the ultrasound to an area interrogated simultaneously by other sound waves (Figure 6). The refracted ultrasound is then…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…excluding non ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) in patients with a low to intermediate likelihood of CAD when cardiac troponin and/or…

…examination protocol or characteristic examination findings. Diagnostics and laboratory findings Lipid assessment Triglyceride concentrations should be interpreted in conjunction with LDL C, non HDL C…

…the possible causes, apply several non pharmacological measures at the same time, and use drugs only in severe agitation or marked distress. Delirium is an…

…Duration : : : : Pneumonia, non severe (DS CRB65 0–1) phenoxymethylpenicillin 1 g × 3 PO 5–7 days or benzylpenicillin 3 g × 3 IV Pneumonia, in chronic…

…rhinitis, or urticaria triggered by: Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). Other non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Other contraindications: Hemophilia. Thrombocytopenia. Active gastric or duodenal ulcers. Liver…

…angina (UA) Non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) This applies to patients undergoing either primary or delayed percutaneous coronary intervention…

…onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial…

…to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High …

…Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non ST elevation ACS (NSTE ACS), or ACS complicated by cardiogenic shock. In NSTE ACS…

…the most favourable patterns generally contain more minimally processed, fibre rich and bioactive foods, including fruits, non starchy vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds…

…increases with age. STEMI may present as sudden onset breathlessness. Other less common presentations, with or without pain, include sudden loss of consciousness, a confusional…

…with a calcified nodule. Epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection. Coronary embolism of cardiac or non cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch…

…ischemic zone. Newly formed vessels, which may originate from other branches of the same coronary artery or another coronary artery, will alleviate the ischemia, improve…

…yr) · FAME 3 Non hyperemic ratios (iFR / RFR / Pd Pa / dPR) Resting Pd/Pa during the diastolic “wave free period” (iFR) or the lowest ratio…

…Use the arm with the higher pressure, or the non dominant arm if the values are equal. Check against a manual measurement and document the…

…Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a leg ulcer — compression in…