…steroids and controlled oxygen. Acute on chronic hypercapnic failure in obesity hypoventilation and neuromuscular disease. Hypercapnic failure in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema that does not improve…

…Lightly sedated to awake and calm CAM ICU Negative Screen for delirium every shift BIS (during neuromuscular blockade) 40–60 Targeted light sedation with a…

…pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…oxygenation, never intubation in itself — and every difficult airway algorithm is at bottom a timetable for when to stop doing what you are doing. Indications…

…for a saturation of 92–96 % in most patients, and 88–92 % where there is a risk of carbon dioxide retention (COPD, obesity hypoventilation, neuromuscular…

…be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that…

…remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications…

…the upper border of the rib, never at the lower border where the neurovascular bundle lies, and the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain…

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

…neurological consultation and, when appropriate, neurovascular and brain imaging. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history…