…EPAP, and it is this that does the work of ventilation — raising IPAP and EPAP by the same amount does not increase ventilation at all …

…points, not aims in themselves. Almost all of them have proved to work better as ranges to stay within than as figures to strive for…

…COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute…

…do not delay treatment when there are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of…

…suction, neuromuscular blockers, and a person designated to keep time and read out the number of attempts. Laryngeal mask sizes Size Patient weight Maximum cuff…

…height and ethnicity — not against absolute figures. Since 2022 the z score with a lower limit of normal at z = −1.64 (the fifth…

…neuromuscular disease, marked chest wall deformity, severe bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis. Here a lower target range and controlled delivery apply — not the withholding of oxygen…

…longer a joint remains dislocated, the harder the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a…

…is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause. An effusion not confidently explained by heart failure must be aspirated. Suspected empyema…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…when appropriate, neurovascular and brain imaging. Evaluation and Physical Examination Clinical history and examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous…