…vasoconstriction of one or more coronary arteries. Epicardial spasm produces a reversible functional occlusion and usually causes transmural ischaemia. The resulting abnormalities in left ventricular…

…toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting. Agitation. Muscle spasm. Sweating. Flushing. • Prolonged high dose use may cause thiocyanate and cyanide toxicity . Nitroprusside is metabolized…

…include fixed coronary atherosclerosis without plaque rupture, coronary artery spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction (encompassing endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell dysfunction, and dysregulation of sympathetic innervation)…

…of myocardial injury Important causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary spasm…

…is statin associated muscle symptoms (SAMS). These range from diffuse myalgia with a normal CK and no functional impairment to myositis with muscle inflammation and…

…Ventricular free wall rupture, producing haemopericardium and cardiac tamponade. Papillary muscle rupture, producing acute severe mitral regurgitation (MR). These complications result from transmural myocardial necrosis…

Procedurer A dislocation is reduced with muscle relaxation, not with force. The methods that work best exploit time, gravity and slow movement; those that fail…

ECG Troponin is a protein complex expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The complex consists of troponin I (TnI) , troponin C (TnC) and troponin T…

…population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no account of fat distribution…

…halve before the creatinine leaves the reference range, because the relationship is hyperbolic. In people with a low muscle mass — the elderly, the undernourished, amputees…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…Nicardipine inhibits the influx of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells…

…by profound anaesthesia, paralysis, muscle rigidity and ultimately major tissue loss. Reperfusion after severe or prolonged ischaemia may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, with potential renal…

…positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle mass. If the rhythm is sinus rhythm (i.e under…

…ventricular wall consists of an inner lining (endocardium), a thick muscle layer (myocardium) and an outer lining (epicardium). These layers are analogous to tunica intima …

…the subendothelial accumulation of apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix deposition, ultimately leading to the formation of atherosclerotic…

…Figure 1B). The muscle fibers adjacent to the epicardium are oriented approximately 60° in relation to the fibers of the mid wall. Contraction in this…

…and a beta agonist without vascular effect. Catecholamine receptors Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors: expressed in vascular smooth muscle. Activation results in vasoconstriction and an increase…

…of BMI Despite its widespread use, BMI has several limitations: It does not distinguish between fat, muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the…

…accuracy. Additionally, considering factors such as patient demographics, muscle mass, and clinical context is essential when interpreting eGFR results to ensure appropriate clinical decision making.

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…multiple arterial territories. The arterial wall is biologically active. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells normally regulate vascular tone, preserve an antithrombotic surface, and control the…

…This activating enzyme is not expressed in skeletal muscle, a pharmacological feature that may limit muscle related toxicity despite bempedoic acid acting within the same…

…metric for assessing weight, its clinical utility is frequently limited by its inability to distinguish between muscle mass and various fat depots, or to identify…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…troponin C during systole. Simultaneously, levosimendan activates vascular smooth muscle potassium channels to produce vasodilation. Although primarily defined by these mechanisms, levosimendan also exhibits some…

…level risk estimation, but it does not characterize body composition, fat distribution, skeletal muscle mass, physical fitness or individual health status. In particular, it cannot…

…of moderate and vigorous intensity activity. Muscle strengthening exercise should additionally be performed on at least 2 days each week. Activities need not be undertaken…

…Although the kidney is a major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells…

…Other causes include acute mechanical complications—particularly ventricular septal defect (VSD) and papillary muscle rupture with acute severe mitral regurgitation—predominant right ventricular (RV) infarction…

…tends to occur in vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans, and many smooth muscle cells, leading to a white, platelet rich thrombus…

…a genetic mutation in the RYR1 receptor, resulting in persistent muscle contraction upon administration of halogenated anesthetic agents. As an idiosyncratic response to substances such…

…increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating, and muscle fatigue. Although this is a subjective measure, it provides a fairly good estimate of the actual…

…etc . The purpose of such changes is simply to enable the cardiopulmonary system to increase its delivery of oxygen to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words…

…in the pulmonary circulation, which explains why the left ventricle is much larger (ventricular volume and muscle mass) than the right ventricle. Refer to Figure…

…heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital mitral regurgitation Amyloidosis SLE Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) Rupture of papillary muscle Rupture of chordae tendineae Figure 1…

…valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure 1). The anterolateral papillary muscle receives blood supply from the left anterior…

…the child during ECG recording may be recommended to reduce muscle disturbances. To further reduce muscle disturbances it can be advised to place the limb…

…and/or the myocardium. Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the pericardium, and myocarditis refers to inflammation of the myocardial (muscle) tissue. However, it is often…

…dipyridamole, regadenoson) These agents exert vasodilatory effects, increasing coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease…

…must overcome to eject blood into the aorta. Afterload affects myocardial muscle fibers during systole and diastole. Afterload is a function of the following three…

…during its course through the interventricular septum. It starts to branch off at the anterior papillary muscle's origin. The interventricular septum obtains Purkinje fibers…

…sentences Marked work of breathing Use of accessory respiratory muscles or paradoxical abdominal breathing Impending muscle fatigue Respiratory rate above 25 to 30 per minute…

…is a late marker of function and may rise only after a substantial fall in glomerular filtration. The value is affected by muscle mass, nutrition…

…or reduced air entry Silent or nearly silent chest pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis…

…confusion. Commonest early on and at high doses Muscle weakness Steroid myopathy, with proximal weakness Red flags and pitfalls Stopping a corticosteroid abruptly after longer…

…the room. Two people: one who injects and monitors, one who assesses and documents muscle function. Define the outcome measure before the test. Measure the…

…is 8–12 minutes — a shorter test gives insufficient information, a longer one is limited by local muscle fatigue rather than by the heart. 2…

…or an arm circumference above 35 cm, a 38 mm needle is required to reach the deltoid muscle. With a 25 mm needle the dose…

…arm hanging relaxed and slightly internally rotated. The posterior approach is preferable: it passes through muscle without major vessels or nerves, and the landmark — the…

…artery, which runs on the posterior aspect of the rectus muscle along its lateral border and is the commonest source of serious bleeding after paracentesis…

…potentially reversible. Management should therefore include consideration of treatable contributors, such as underlying comorbidities, supervised muscle strengthening physiotherapy, exercise, and coordination and balance training. Orthostatic…

…anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in resuming normal activity Difficulty returning to work or recreational exercise Frailty or loss of muscle mass…

…refractoriness, and prolong AV nodal refractoriness. Its electrophysiologic effects on the His Purkinje system and ventricular muscle are minimal, except in cases of toxic concentrations…

…left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial enlargement, and abnormalities of diastolic filling. Mitral regurgitation may develop through papillary muscle displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular…

…themselves sufficiently to provoke symptoms. Intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is exertional discomfort in a limb muscle that improves with rest. The symptom may be described…

…Mechanically, wall stress (the load on individual muscle fibers) increases while the contractile function worsens. Chronic aortic regurgitation also leads to increasing LVEDP and LAP…

…ECG as increased amplitudes of the QRS complexes. The explanation is straightforward: myocardial muscle mass is increased and therefore it generates greater electrical potentials. However…