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Urinary alkalinisation

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

Poisoning: quick reference for antidotes and initial management

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: quick reference

…part via NMDA receptors. With prolonged alcohol exposure the nervous system adapts through reduced GABA mediated inhibition and increased glutamatergic activity. When the alcohol level…

Central venous catheter

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

Sotalol: Initiation, QT Monitoring and Renal Dosing

…baseline physical examination of patients prior to sotalol initiation. Diagnostics Electrocardiography (ECG) Electrocardiographic monitoring is central to the safe initiation and maintenance of sotalol therapy…

Perioperative Management of Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

…procedure, and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following should be determined before surgery: Device type: pacemaker…

Arterial Hypertension: Definition, Diagnosis and Out-of-Office Measurement

…category of elevated blood pressure, defined as office SBP 120–139 mmHg or DBP 70–89 mmHg. This distinction supports a risk based approach because…

Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Risk Stratification and Reperfusion

…status, clinical severity, evidence of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, and myocardial injury. This classification is central to determining the intensity of monitoring, supportive treatment, anticoagulation…

Hyperkalaemia: quick reference for emergency treatment

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an arrhythmia or underlying cardiac disease…

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