…of the ST segment. A male patient (Figure 1) presented at age 36 years with an ECG showing deep and persistent, concave upward ST segment…

…confusion Severe headache Persistent nausea Moderately reduced consciousness Marked gait instability The specificity of the symptoms is limited. In a patient with moderate symptoms the…

…For example, a patient with acute graft occlusion may report an abrupt reduction in walking distance before claudication, accompanied by moderate pain or paresthesia, while…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…cardiovascular event risk. Quantify myocardial blood flow when PET is used. SPECT is recommended in suspected chronic coronary syndrome with moderate or high pre test

…or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion, with recovery generally…

…to reach goal with one agent. It may also be preferable in patients aged ≥85 years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty…

…respond to medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with platelets <100 × 10⁹/L Renal insufficiency, with creatinine 1.1 mg/dL…

…Plaque rupture is typically associated with a fibrin rich, red thrombus. The size and persistence of the thrombus depend not only on plaque composition but…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

…implications of chylomicronaemia itself remain uncertain, whereas moderate HTG, approximately 150–500 mg/dL, is associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore…

…with symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with…

…life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0…

…on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia…

…moderate hyperglycaemia over a few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who needs it : : : Basal insulin (intermediate or long acting) Covers fasting glucose production Everyone with…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and the foot status before…

…to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of fluid retention and impaired kidney function). Patients with bronchial asthma…

…If oral anticoagulation is indicated, NOACs should be chosen except in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves; for these patients…

…severe INVEGA HAFYERA PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE paliperidone palmitate Arrhythmia wp most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular…

…widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…moderate or severe CKD, or HMOD. Variables incorporated into SCORE2 and SCORE2 OP The models include conventional cardiovascular risk factors: Age Sex Smoking status Systolic…

…Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the…

…an inactive person becomes even modestly active, while additional activity continues to confer benefit with progressively smaller incremental effects. Some activity is preferable to none…

…COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung disease or asthma…

…of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects ( Baumgartner et al ). Approximately 40,000 children are born with CHD annually…

…Moderate right ventricular hypertrophy may not alter the ECG significantly. The ECG is particularly helpful in RVH because echocardiography is less sensitive with respect to…

…Wheeze with preserved air entry Marked wheeze or reduced air entry Silent or nearly silent chest pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate…

…mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but…

…contraindicated, for example in asthma Contraindicated in impaired left ventricular function and together with an intravenous beta blocker Digoxin In heart failure or hypotension, or…

… moderate, 3.0–3.9 m/s; severe, ≥ 4.0 m/s or a valve area < 1.0 cm² with a mean gradient ≥ 40…

…a normal or only moderately raised glucose, often below 13.9 mmol/L. The condition occurs above all in: treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors pregnancy prolonged…

…11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0.3 0.6…

…and record an ECG. 2. Confirm the potassium with a repeat sample, but do not delay treatment when there are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or…

…and the speed of the course. An AST/ALT ratio 2 with moderately raised values suggests alcohol related liver disease; a ratio < 1 suggests…

…value after a bronchodilator suggests asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low…

…the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery in which the middle…

…11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,6…

…insufficient kidney function, and treatment with antiplatelet agents. Research indicates that the ORBIT score may offer better discrimination and calibration for major bleeding events compared…

…Limited experience exists for patients with impaired renal function. Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment is required for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child…

…Use with caution in patients with asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Dyspnea has been reported in patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history…

…effects on the cardiovascular system. Acute exposure produces transient haemodynamic and myocardial effects, whereas sustained heavy consumption is associated with hypertension, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias…

…of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and an increased risk of in hospital complications, including…

…population screening test. It may also be considered in selected lower risk individuals with a family history of premature coronary artery disease. CAC findings incidentally…

…heart failure armamentarium. Its use has declined over time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its…

…exercise induced arrhythmias Evaluating the blood pressure response Refining risk stratification and prognosis For patients with low or moderate pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD…

…more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period immediately after ACS is particularly vulnerable, with recurrent cardiovascular…

…those with a family history of high Lp(a); individuals with cardiovascular disease that is not explained by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate…

…an ischaemic mechanism. Clinical assessment and estimation of pre test probability Symptoms and clinical context The assessment begins with the clinical presentation, including the character…

…wall motion abnormality (RWMA) during stress. A fixed abnormality that remains unchanged with stress generally indicates previous infarction. Extensive ischaemia may produce a reduction in…

…PLAX, and then compared with the diameter of the LVOT. A jet diameter smaller than 25% of the LVOT diameter suggests moderate aortic regurgitation. A…

…hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can induce life threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, with hyperkalemia being the most prevalent electrolyte disturbance observed in cardiac arrest scenarios. Hypocalcemia…

…°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering 28 31°C Severe hypothermia Unconscious, with signs of life…

…Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy may instead display normalization of secondary T wave inversions (lead V5, V6, aVL, I). ECG in moderate hyperkalaemia Previously mentioned…

…to skeletal muscle and myocardium. The oxygen consumption – and thus oxygen demand – increases in parallel with the intensity of the exercise. The physiological changes (adaptations…

…Left main coronary artery stenosis Severe electrolyte imbalance Severe hyperthyroidism Moderate to severe aortic stenosis Insufficiently controlled arrhythmias which may cause hemodynamic compromise Obstructive hypertrophic…

…Moderate defects : Associated with wall thinning, suggesting a more advanced level of ischemia or partial scarring. Severe defects : Defined by absent tracer uptake, with signal…