…less ischemic area), which may receive oxygen from collateral vessels. In cardiac arrest, there is no cerebral perfusion, with an equal degree of hypoxia in…

…protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients. Hypoglycaemia on the ward is more dangerous than moderate hyperglycaemia over a few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who…

…a PEEP ≥ 5 cmH₂O : : Mild 26.6–40 kPa (200–300 mmHg) Moderate 13.3–26.6 kPa (100–200 mmHg) Severe ≤ 13.3 kPa (≤…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

Pulmonary valve regurgitation Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Pulmonary valve morphology normal normal/abnormal abnormal Density CW Doppler weak, slow deceleration variable dense, steep…

Tricuspid valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm…

…Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification Fasting triglycerides Non fasting triglycerides Mild to moderate HTG 150–499 mg/dL (1.7–5.6 mmol/L)…

…symptoms suggestive of CAD. SPECT imaging is recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a…

…life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone 5 mg Moderate Intermediate, 12–36 hours Methylprednisolone 4 mg Low Intermediate Betamethasone 0…

…perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow…

…copious exudate Dry, necrotic, pale Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin…

…nail with mild inflammation Splinting with a cotton wisp Ingrown nail with moderate inflammation Splinting with a strip of suture material or a drain Ingrown…

…Secondary prophylaxis to prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a…

…If oral anticoagulation is indicated, NOACs should be chosen except in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves; for these patients…

…severe INVEGA HAFYERA PALIPERIDONE PALMITATE paliperidone palmitate Arrhythmia wp most QT Prolongation moderate Aveed TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE TESTOSTERONE UNDECANOATE Heart Damage wp most major adverse cardiovascular…

…score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score of 2 suggests moderate risk A score of 3 or higher indicates high risk of major…

Right ventricle and pulmonary artery Normal interval Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal RV DIMENSIONS Basal RV diameter (RVD 1), cm 2.0–2.8…

…Diabetes mellitus in circumstances where diabetes specific risk assessment or risk categorization is applicable Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage …

…stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that appears moderate may be functionally important, while an anatomically severe lesion may not identify…

…This functional definition encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction…

…week of moderate intensity aerobic activity; or 75–150 minutes per week of vigorous intensity aerobic activity; or An equivalent combination of moderate and vigorous…

…Contraindications Asthma and COPD. Adenosine has caused mild to moderate exacerbation of asthma symptoms. Adenosine should be used with caution in patients with obstructive lung…

…2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining third have mild defects (…

…order to come to the expression on ECG. Moderate right ventricular hypertrophy may not alter the ECG significantly. The ECG is particularly helpful in RVH…

…Finding Moderate attack Acute severe attack Life threatening attack : : : : Speech Full sentences Cannot complete a sentence in one breath Single words or unable to speak…

…90 Peripheral arterial disease, mild to moderate Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or…

…the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia. Ongoing myocardial ischaemia with chest pain and ECG changes. Acute pulmonary oedema…

…0–4.0 cm² Grading of aortic stenosis: mild, peak velocity 2.6–2.9 m/s; moderate, 3.0–3.9 m/s; severe…

…7.30, or bicarbonate 15 to 18 mmol/L Usually unaffected Moderate DKA 3 to 6 mmol/L pH 7.00 to 7.25, or…

…11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0.3 0.3 0.6…

…rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6.0 to 6.4 mmol/L ECG and cardiac monitoring…

…Grade Plasma sodium : : Mild 130 to 134 mmol/L Moderate 125 to 129 mmol/L Severe Below 125 mmol/L Duration Definition : : Acute Documented development…

…1.7 1.7–2.3 2.3 Ascites None Mild Moderate–severe Encephalopathy None Grade 1–2 Grade 3–4 Class A = 5…

…ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push it out. 6. Use moderate pressure. R

…11.2 ± 1.4 Aortic regurgitation (AR) Primary parameters Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,6…

…BLED and ATRIA. Note that while these prediction models provide guidance, their accuracies are moderate. Clinical judgment should always complement risk scores, considering individual patient…

…such as gastrointestinal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). Severely impaired liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C…

…patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be treated with ticagrelor for up to 12 months. Use with caution in…

…ventricular tachycardia (including torsades des pointes), ventricular fibrillation arrests and moderate left ventricular dysfunction. This patient died at age 17 years due to complications related…

Clinical medicine Emergency medicine Definition and pathophysiology Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) is an abrupt reduction in arterial perfusion of an upper or lower limb that…

…60 minutes after ingestion. Elimination follows zero order kinetics at low to moderate concentrations and first order kinetics at higher concentrations. Ethanol is water soluble…

…progression risk, increased by proteinuria 3a 45–60 mL/min/1.73 m² Cardiovascular disease or other organ damage may be present Moderate progression risk;…

…and ischaemia related ventricular failure as potential causes of shock. Patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease have a higher burden of comorbidity and…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring is a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic…

…Furthermore, ongoing ischemia, hypomagnesemia, and moderate to severe renal impairment increase the likelihood of digitalis intoxication even at therapeutic doses. Diagnostics Electrocardiography and Electrophysiology Electrocardiographic…

…plaques at high risk of rupture, or determine whether ischaemia would occur at workloads greater than those achieved during testing. Exercise ECG has become less…

…years, those with symptomatic orthostatic hypotension, moderate to severe frailty, or very old or frail patients who may not tolerate rapid blood pressure reduction. Initial…

…of the baseline cholesterol concentration. Intensive statin treatment is more effective than moderate intensity treatment in reducing major cardiovascular events. Acute coronary syndromes The period…

…genetic variants and coronary artery disease. Associations have also been extended to peripheral arterial disease, ischaemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and calcific aortic valve stenosis…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and clinical rationale Stable angina, or chronic chest pain attributable to suspected chronic coronary syndrome, is evaluated by estimating…

…severity, or location of inducible ischaemia. It is particularly appropriate when: The pre test likelihood of obstructive CAD is moderate or high, generally greater than…

…output is insufficient. Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with increasing myocardial load (and hence oxygen demand). The most…

…P/S Na + Common effects Mild 130 125 mmol/l Cognitive disorders, vertigo, balance disorder. Moderate 115 125 mmol/L Headache, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps…

…Please refer to HOPE Score. Severity Features Body temperature (°C) Mild hypothermia Conscious with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering…

…V6, aVL, I). ECG in moderate hyperkalaemia Previously mentioned ECG changes becomes more pronounced. P waves become wider. P wave amplitude decreases. The P wave…

…article will deal with the physiology of exercise and emphasis will be placed on myocardial oxygen consumption and the development of myocardial ischemia during exercise…

…most common indications are as follows: Assessment of cardiovascular risk in screening. Detection of coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease). Evaluation of coronary artery disease…

…thickness, often indicative of early or mild ischemia. Moderate defects : Associated with wall thinning, suggesting a more advanced level of ischemia or partial scarring. Severe…

…stenosis Maximum gradient Maximum velocity Small PS <36 mmHg <3 m/s Moderate PS 36 64 mmHg 3 4 m/s Pronounced PS 64 mmHg…