…Perform an ECG in hyperkalaemia or where a rapid rise in potassium is suspected. 7. Review all medication, including over the counter preparations, herbal remedies…

…treatment protocols that are available where you practise. Initial management of all poisonings ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A Assess the airway, the pharyngeal reflexes…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are foundational therapies in cardiovascular medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease…

…causes & management Definition of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia fulfills the criteria for sinus rhythm but the heart rate is slower than 50 beats per minute…

Akutsjukvård Kirurgi & trauma Lathundar Immediate management In massive haemorrhage it is rapid control of the bleeding that determines the outcome. Transfusion restores circulating volume, oxygen…

…living, treatment goals should be individualized and discontinuation of medication may become appropriate. Frailty is potentially reversible. Management should therefore include consideration of treatable contributors…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic…

…In adults with elevated blood pressure, nonpharmacological management should be actively implemented. Adults with blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg should receive both lifestyle and antihypertensive…

…The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence of refractory angina reflects…

…therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause ischemia Acute rapid reduction may cause…

…hypertension, defined as blood pressure ≥160/110 mmHg Headache that does not respond to medication Visual disturbance Persistent severe epigastric pain Pulmonary oedema Thrombocytopenia, with…

…a reversible cause of bradycardia is suspected, management should be targeted at that cause. With regards to medications, the clinical need must be reconsidered if…

…associated with increased ASCVD risk. Management in this range therefore focuses principally on ASCVD prevention and reduction of LDL C, non HDL C and apolipoprotein…

…is why expeditious management is warranted. Initial management includes assessing the patient's clinical status (symptoms, hemodynamics), ECG and risk factors (age, previous disease, medications…

…and Management Definition and Clinical Characteristics Torsades de pointes (TdP) represents a multifactorial clinical entity typically associated with drug induced long QT syndrome (DI LQTS…

…risk factors, ECG diagnosis and management Atrial fibrillation is the most common abnormal tachyarrhythmia (only sinus tachycardia is more common). The prevalence of atrial fibrillation…

…ion channels, leading to delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and…

…ion channels, leading to delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and…

…advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0 1 indicates low risk A score…

…individualized according to blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular function, comorbidities, concomitant medications, potential drug interactions, the presumed mechanism of ischaemia, patient preferences, local availability…

…young adults, intoxication events leading to cardiac arrest are notably prevalent, primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose…

…been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early intervention and management. Standardization: Its widespread adoption has led to standardized reporting of…

…bradycardia management involves identifying and treating any underlying conditions or reversible causes. The first step in treating sinus bradycardia is to discontinue any medications that…

…Sodium imbalance Neither hyponatremia nor hypernatremia typically cause discernible ECG changes. Hyponatremia Effective management of hyponatremia requires careful identification of its etiology, severity (Table 2)…

…attention. Therefore, management of sinus tachycardia always requires that each of these causes be assessed thoroughly, as many of the causes require prompt treatment. Inappropriate…

…sampling, but does not by itself identify the cause. The result must always be weighed together with the clinical picture, medication, fluid balance, renal function…

…function is impaired. Inadequate adherence to medication or dietary sodium restriction may therefore mimic pharmacological resistance or contribute directly to persistent hypertension. Resistant hypertension is…

…or renal disease The possibility of a secondary cause The medical and medication histories should specifically assess drugs or substances that may increase blood pressure…

…the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS…

…a change in medication or an exposure Concussion, temporal bone injury, dissection, aminoglycoside toxicity, antiepileptic drugs, alcohol or sedatives Trauma and medication directed workup This…

…A diary of going to bed, getting up, medication intake, symptoms and any unusual activities. Interpretation A recording is acceptable if at least 70 % of…

…and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves, fenestrated drape…

…artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of rebound. The referring physician should have made this…

…Go through the medication and any herbal preparations carefully — drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the Nordic countries…

…CT is performed first. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, coagulation status and an up to date medication list. A sterile fenestrated drape, chlorhexidine in alcohol…

…the weight, the age and the medication list. Always dilute morphine 10 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL (1 mL made up to 10 mL…

…calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct oral anticoagulants) and refer to nephrology at an eGFR…

…test. At follow up during ongoing treatment, the test is performed on the usual medication — note this in the report. Record the height without shoes…

…blood count, creatinine with eGFR and liver function tests before starting. A complete medication list including over the counter drugs, herbal remedies and supplements. An…

…emotional stress, meals, or exposure to cold. Relieving factors, including rest or medication. Time of day and temporal pattern. Change in frequency, severity, or exercise…

…patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery, those with high bleeding risk, or those considered unlikely to adhere to medication. However, contemporary data support the use…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 …

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…purpose of antiarrhythmic drugs is to control arrhythmias, these medications may also cause arrhythmias and confusing ECG changes. ECG changes and arrhythmias caused by digoxin…

…and subject preparations. We will also discuss the relevance of withholding specific cardioactive medications during exercise testing (exercise ECG). Indications for exercise stress test Indications…

…interpretation difficult, including left bundle branch block (LBBB) or pacemaker rhythms. Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter Patients on medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, or…

…arrhythmias and therefore QT duration must always be assessed. QT prolongation may be congenital (due to genetic mutations) or acquired (secondary to medications, electrolyte disorders)…

…presence of myocardial ischemia, evaluate angina pectoris, evaluate exercise performance, evaluate the effect of interventions and medications, and prognosticate survival. However, exercise stress testing must…

…Patients weighing < 60 kg (maintenance dose of 5 mg recommended instead of 10 mg). Patients receiving medications that increase bleeding risk, including oral anticoagulants…

…as a rapid intravenous bolus. Unlike many other intravenous medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered…

…message: in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, be quick to administer antithrombotic medications and reperfusion. Refer to G Heusch's excellent review on this…

…epinephrine administration, consider alternative vasopressors: Vasopressin Norepinephrine Phenylephrine Eliminate the causative allergen : discontinue any suspected medications and remove any remnants of allergens (e.g., insect…

…unstable patients. The administration of medications (such as amiodarone and epinephrine) and defibrillation procedures should be deferred until the body temperature exceeds 30°C. This is…

…example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of medications, drugs or other substances (including alcohol) causing cardiac arrest. Table 1…

…or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole containing medications Ingestion of caffeinated foods or beverages within 12 hours prior to testing

…is positive in lead II. Sinus tachycardia is always considered pathological and the underlying cause must be investigated. Pain, infections, medications, fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia…

…For example, Wolff Parkinson White syndrome (WPW), pacemaker stimulated beats, electrolyte imbalance and medications may prolong the QRS complex. References Aro AL, Anttonen O, Tikkanen…

…more difficult, which explains why individuals with bundle branch blocks are treated sub optimally (in terms of evidence based medications and use of PCI), as…