…myocardial ischaemia and, when prolonged or severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation…

…question. A patient who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Primary aldosteronism (PA), also termed primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased…

…of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with variable penetrance and expressivity…

…injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while…

…Note the branched cell structure and the connections between the cells. The cardiac action potential The action potential includes a depolarization (activation) followed by a…

…cells must be stimulated in order to evoke an action potential. Upon stimulation, sodium (Na+) channels open which causes a rapid influx of sodium and…

…with the leadless pacemaker being the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and the trend towards increased use of cardiac devices…

…effects through direct activation of receptors in target tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep apnea…

…relatively small muscle mass. If the rhythm is sinus rhythm (i.e under normal circumstances) the P wave vector is directed downwards and to the…

Prepare for clinical practice and the Cardiology Board Exam with our comprehensive quiz, designed based on the most recent AHA, ACC, and ESC guidelines. The…