…question. A patient who declines blood transfusion. The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A…

…severe, myocardial necrosis. It most commonly reflects atherothrombosis: disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque followed by platelet activation and coagulation, with formation of an intraluminal thrombus…

…the atria and the ventricles must be activated rapidly and sequentially. Rapid activation is important in order to activate as much myocardium simultaneously as possible…

…cells The contractile cells, unlike cells of the sinoatrial node, display a true resting potential (phase 4), which is around –90 mV. These cells must…

…Additional breakthroughs have been achieved in recent years, with the leadless pacemaker being the most promising improvement. 1 Given the wide use of pacemakers and…

…In 2015, high body mass index (BMI) was linked to approximately 4.0 million deaths worldwide, with more than two thirds—roughly 67%—of these…

…sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). After entering target cells, it binds…

…positive and smooth wave. It is small because the atria make a relatively small muscle mass. If the rhythm is sinus rhythm (i.e under…

…injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction. Endothelial dysfunction triggers leukocyte and platelet activation, while…

…The desmosome is a component of the intercalated disc that connects myocardial cells mechanically and electrically. Most mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner…

Prepare for clinical practice and the Cardiology Board Exam with our comprehensive quiz, designed based on the most recent AHA, ACC, and ESC guidelines. The…