…in chronic hypertension or when there are signs of inadequate perfusion Urine output 0.5 mL/kg/h Lactate Falling A clearance 10 % per 2…

…of myocardial injury, not a disease specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling…

…before starting treatment. Clinical assessment History that affects the level of risk Ask briefly and to the point: When did the deterioration begin, suddenly or…

…systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both. The clinical consequences of extracellular volume expansion include elevated cardiac filling pressures, pulmonary congestion, systemic venous hypertension, and peripheral…

…family history and consideration of genetic testing for all patients with non ischemic HFrEF. Toxic and infiltrative causes are increasingly recognized. The burgeoning field of…

…failure and arrhythmias. Family History of Sudden Cardiac Death (FHSCD) : A history of SCD in close relatives suggests a genetic predisposition to arrhythmias. Non Sustained…

…of whom more than 33,000 have died. Source: Worldometer. Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 Data on the natural history of COVID 19 relies on…

…afterwards whether a nerve injury was caused by the injury or by the treatment. Indications A clinically or radiologically confirmed dislocation of the shoulder, elbow…

…of AV blocks (AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with emphasis on causes of…

…present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate…

…repolarization and provoke ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. The likelihood of clinically significant EMI is generally low, particularly with bipolar electrocautery performed away from the…

…Black race, lower socioeconomic or uninsured status, a history of angina or diabetes, and consultation with relatives or physicians before contacting emergency services. These factors…

…conventional hypertension threshold. The traditional diagnostic threshold of 140/90 mmHg derives from epidemiological observations associating pressures above this level with increased mortality. Contemporary management…

CPR Sex : Male Age : 62 years History : Coronary bypass grafting; history of arrhythmias. Medications : beta blockers ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by ventricular tachycardia (VT…

…as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an implantable cardioverter…

…aorta, aortic arch) All individuals 60 mm (descending aorta) All individuals Risk factors : previous dissection, family history of dissection, severe aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation…

…to ECG interpretation 1. Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A:…

…ACTH. Marked atopic disease, particularly severe asthma and a history of anaphylaxis — a relative contraindication; the test is then performed with preparedness for anaphylaxis. An…

…care and one of the few diagnoses that can be cured on the spot, in three minutes, without drugs . The diagnosis rests on the history…

…access, a targeted history At 5 minutes A full, adequate dose of a benzodiazepine About 10 minutes Repeat the benzodiazepine once if the seizure persists…

Procedurer A corticosteroid injection into soft tissue gives rapid but time limited pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral…

…patients treated with ticagrelor. Patients with a history of ischemic stroke can be treated with ticagrelor for up to 12 months. Use with caution in…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…idiopathic or genetic dilation of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure…

…Half of all victims of cardiac arrest have no previous history of cardiovascular disease. Sudden cardiac death accounts for 40–70% of all deaths from…

…72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are supraventricular beats during sinus rhythm. A brief run of polymorphic ventricular…

…prevent recurrence of cerebrovascular diseases, such as: Transient ischemic attacks (TIA). Stroke Contraindications Cross reactivity: Do not administer to patients with a history of asthma…

…is necessary, a high minute ventilation and careful control of the pH must be maintained. History and gathering information Ask about: the substance, the strength…

…chadsva] The CHA₂DS₂ VA score has superseded the CHA₂DS₂ VASc score. As of 2025, it is recommended to use the CHA₂DS₂ VA score for stroke…

…hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and sedentary behaviour; family history, particularly in the broader assessment of peripheral arterial and aortic disease; planned surgery, especially carotid endarterectomy (CEA), coronary…

…medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular disease. It combines a structured family history…

…and alcohol consumption. Additional considerations include psychosocial stress, obstructive sleep apnoea, social determinants of health, air pollution, family history, ethnicity, and frailty. Primary prevention is…

…Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular tachycardia…

…history of previous withdrawal seizures or delirium tremens is one of the strongest risk markers for a new complicated withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of…

…points) Prior Bleeding: History of any prior bleeding (1 point) Hypertension: History of hypertension (1 point) Score 1 year risk of bleeding Low risk 0…

…history of bleeding, unstable anticoagulation control, advanced age, and the use of certain medications or alcohol. Interpretation of HAS BLED score A score of 0…

…the active substance or any of the excipients. Active pathological bleeding , such as gastrointestinal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack…

…risk for future episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include a detailed history, thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a complete physical and neurologic examination…

…limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock liver") or acute viral hepatitis. The three are distinguished by the history and the speed of the…

…pregnancy related history. Female specific or female predominant factors associated with later cardiovascular risk include: Premature menopause Premature ovarian insufficiency Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy Preeclampsia…

…clinical history includes hypokalaemia. Endocrine disorders account for many secondary forms. Primary hyperaldosteronism is identified as the most frequent cause, comprising approximately 20–25% of…

…delaying time to treatment. History taking, physical examination, ECG and laboratory tests are the cornerstones of management of patients with chest pain. A 12 lead…

…or suspected perforation of the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or pain on contact with water. A history of ear surgery…

…as those with a history of cardiac arrest, recurrent syncope despite beta blocker therapy, or markedly prolonged QT intervals—the implantation of an implantable cardioverter…

…is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation may be faint or absent. Take cultures immediately, but never let…

…Family history also increases risk, particularly among first degree relatives, with siblings appearing to be especially affected. The principal determinant of adverse outcome is aneurysm…

…should begin with a comprehensive history and physical examination. Clinicians should inquire about historical clues suggesting alternative etiologies, such as a sensation of postnasal drip…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…liver function, Stroke history, Bleeding history, Labile INRs, Elderly age ( 65), and Drugs/alcohol. A crucial clinical pitfall is the misapplication of this score. A…

…haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact transfusion medicine before transfusing again. Preparation and equipment Compatibility testing Test What…

…in renal failure, heart failure, a history of peptic ulcer, and old age Titrate according to the effect and the respiratory rate, not to a…

…showing severe hypercholesterolaemia. A personal history of premature CAD, cerebral vascular disease or peripheral vascular disease. A family history of premature myocardial infarction, vascular disease…

…very high LDL cholesterol; people with a family history of premature cardiovascular disease; those with a family history of high Lp(a); individuals with cardiovascular…

…with atherosclerotic mediated myocardial infarction. A history of cigarette smoking may be present despite relatively few other conventional atherosclerotic risk factors. A substantial proportion present…

…mass index Asian ancestry Previous muscle disease or a personal or family history of muscle disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D…

…syndrome – appeared to be hereditary, since many patients reported a family history of the same symptoms and events. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature was the…

…They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history of significant reactive airway disease. Contraindications also include second degree or third degree…

…but only if the examiner is trained. Brief attacks triggered by the position of the head relative to gravity: perform Dix Hallpike and, if needed…

…of medical suitability is made by the transplant team. Never rule out a possible donor on your own on grounds of age or medical history…