…measured by echocardiography. Reduced LVEF reliably identifies a high risk group that derives a large, trial proven survival benefit from primary prevention ICDs. Its dominance…

…low risk of recurrence vancomycin 125 mg × 4 PO 10 days Clostridioides difficile, high risk of recurrence fidaxomicin 200 mg × 2 PO 10 days In…

…transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China, and it has now spread to more than 170 countries and caused unprecedented damage to humans and…

…medications where rapid boluses risk hemodynamic instability or transiently toxic concentrations, adenosine requires a rapidly delivered bolus to achieve sufficiently high concentrations at its clinical…

…from a potent P2Y12 inhibitor to clopidogrel; reducing the dose of prasugrel; extending DAPT beyond 12 months in carefully selected patients with high ischemic risk…

…but high risk patients should be evaluated with angiography earlier. Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk models to estimate the risk of acute myocardial…

…particularly high risk and should influence the urgency of management: Recurrent or ongoing chest pain despite medical treatment Acute heart failure presumed to result from…

…of myocardial fibrosis). Risk stratification The calculator helps identify patients at high risk of SCD who may benefit from preventive interventions, such as ICD implantation…

…<2% Moderate ≥2% to <10% High ≥10% to <20% Very high ≥20% The risk categories are distinct from the treatment threshold used in the BP…

…apoB) and non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL C) are complementary measures of atherogenic lipoprotein burden. Their clinical importance arises from the causal role…

…delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases…

…risk in AF patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy. References 1. Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from…

…age, may not be fully captured by conventional risk scores and may be the first clinically important manifestation of an otherwise unrecognized inflammatory disease. Epidemiology…

…A positive value is not a diagnosis. Risk grading in confirmed pulmonary embolism Risk Haemodynamics Right ventricular strain (echo or CT) Troponin Management : : : : : High Unstable…

…delayed repolarization and an increased risk of life threatening arrhythmic events. The cornerstone of LQTS management involves lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, and, in high risk cases…

…designed to estimate the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing anticoagulation therapy, particularly with warfarin. Developed from the ATRIA study…

…conditions incorporated into validated clinical risk tools Acute RV failure is a rapidly progressive syndrome characterized by systemic congestion resulting from impaired RV filling and…

…concentrations is associated with lower ASCVD risk. Atherogenic particle burden is not completely represented by LDL C alone. Non high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non HDL…

…an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk of progression and generally require all appropriate evidence based measures, including drug treatment…

… and repeated or high volume contrast exposure. Patients with multiple myeloma and renal disease are particularly susceptible. The risk is also greater when several predisposing…

…by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information regarding cardiovascular risk. Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification…

…9 High 12.2 Table 1. Interpretation of CHADS VA score References Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk…

…m² Proteinuria may be present High risk of progression 4 15–30 mL/min/1.73 m² Advanced renal dysfunction High likelihood of progression to…

…are revolutionizing public health strategies, transcending their original roles as glucose lowering agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in…

Hydralazine Hydralazine is not preferred for hypertensive emergencies due to the high risk of reflex sympathetic stimulation. Drug Hydralazine Brand names Apresoline ®, Bidil ®…

…to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1. Assess Prior Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin…

…drugs predisposing to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it does not…

…in the same order every time, reduces the risk of missing abnormalities. The eight steps below go through the rhythm and then the waveforms one…

…muscle rupture. The risk of rupture is greater for the posteromedial papillary muscle, which only receives blood supply from one coronary artery (Coronary arteries). Chronic…

…pressure is a high risk patient even with normal ST segments, whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants. It was developed in 2010, using data from the…

…of atherothrombotic events in adult patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or a prior heart attack and a high risk of developing an atherothrombotic event…

…recommended as the initial study in patients with low to moderate risk of CAD. In patients with a high to very high risk of CAD…

…young individuals. The severity of symptoms and presence of high risk arrhythmias on ECG guides the management of non acute or asymptomatic bradyarrhythmia. In patients…

…FH). Heterozygous FH results in high LDL cholesterol levels (but nothing else) and increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction by more than 50 times…

…is not suspected. 6. Call the PCI service immediately in STEMI, a STEMI equivalent or very high risk NSTEMI. 7. Document symptom onset, first medical…

…absence or hypoplasia. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva is associated with increased sudden death risk, particularly in…

…cessation of prolonged and heavy alcohol intake. The condition can develop despite a measurable or high blood alcohol concentration, particularly in patients with marked tolerance…

…< 120 and < 80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89 Grade 1 hypertension 140–159…

…a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin…

…is a risk of hypercapnia High flow nasal cannula 20–60 L/min 21–100 %, adjustable Humidified and warmed gas; it provides some positive airway…

…disease Stage eGFR Description : : : G1 ≥ 90 Normal or high G2 60–89 Mildly reduced G3a 45–59 Mildly to moderately reduced G3b 30–44 Moderately…

…risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes…

…remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults. Geriatric syndromes further modify cardiovascular risk and treatment response…

…C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants…

…Disease risk Underweight <18.5 — — Healthy weight 18.5–24.9 — — Overweight 25.0–29.9 — Increased Obesity 30.0–34.9 I High Obesity…

…coat hypertension: raised office blood pressure without organ damage. Suspected masked hypertension: normal office blood pressure but organ damage or high risk. Treatment resistant hypertension…

…Add high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5. At the same time, start treatment that eliminates potassium from the body…

…completely. Relative contraindications: A high risk of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for…

…to the sepsis pathway when needed 9 Contact the haematologist or oncologist. Contact an infectious diseases physician early in a high risk course, in instability…

…surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and of vascular injury…

…Very high Oral anticoagulation (warfarin or NOACs is considered for female patients with scores of 2 or more. Patient preference and the balance of risk…

…intermediate, and high risk categories. Clinical applications The SYNTAX Score is primarily used to: Guide Revascularization Strategy : Patients with low scores (≤22) are often recommended…

…In contrast, within selected high risk populations, prevalence may be sufficiently high for targeted screening to be cost effective. For asymptomatic stenosis of at least…

…patients with a high bleeding risk. Shorter approaches should therefore be reserved for circumstances in which bleeding concerns outweigh the incremental protection from prolonged DAPT…

…rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture…

…isoproterenol is also recommended for risk stratification in specific populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in…

…occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent differences between thresholds reflect different guideline frameworks and clinical…

…setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should undergo continuous electrocardiogram monitoring throughout the entire peri operative period to assess rhythm stability [10]. References…