…adenosine requires a rapidly delivered bolus to achieve sufficiently high concentrations at its clinical site of action—the coronary artery perfusing the AV node—before…

…Maximum infusion rate 25 mg/hour. Adverse effects Tachycardia. Flushing. Headache. Angina pectoris. Caution Heart failure. Angina pectoris (ischemic heart disease). Hydralazine doses and administration…

…longer interval for all opioids Obesity Dose according to effect, not according to total body weight Concomitant benzodiazepine A markedly increased risk of respiratory depression…

…symptoms, the rate of rise, renal function and the clinical context , not by the potassium value alone. A normal ECG does not exclude dangerous hyperkalaemia…

…level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation using a crystalloid solution at a dose of 30 ml/kg. Should fluid resuscitation fail…

…Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine Vasopressin Midodrine Noradrenaline Adrenaline, high dose Dopamine, high dose Adrenaline, low dose Dopamine, intermediate dose…

…is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to the local protocol…

…interpreting platelet function tests for HIT. Other cosiderations Based on a relationship observed in the PLATO study between the maintenance dose of ASA and the

…for cardioprotection. Pharmacokinetic interactions Methotrexate: NSAIDs inhibit tubular secretion of methotrexate, increasing plasma levels and risk of toxicity. Avoid combination with high dose methotrexate. Digoxin…

…Doses 5 μg/kg/min induces vasoconstriction, which dominates at dosease 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia Increased ventricular rate in AF Ventricular arrhythmias…

…Doses 5 μg/kg/min induces vasoconstriction, which dominates at dosease 15 μg/kg/min. Tachycardia Increased ventricular rate in AF Ventricular arrhythmias…

…or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial fibrillation. Suspected paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, including after cryptogenic stroke. Evaluation of antiarrhythmic treatment…

…region. The time limit is not a guarantee. Where the stroke risk is high or the time of onset uncertain, choose the more cautious course…

…to inject too high. 2. Palpate the acromion . The injection site lies 2–3 fingerbreadths (about 5 cm) below the lower border of the acromion…

…a MAP of at least 65 mmHg and at the same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L. This combination carries a high mortality…

…If intubation is necessary, a high minute ventilation and careful control of the pH must be maintained. History and gathering information Ask about: the substance…

…combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses. The kidney is particularly vulnerable to toxic injury because of its high blood flow…

…inconclusive. The principal diagnostic strength of CCTA is its ability to exclude significant anatomical CAD with high sensitivity and a high negative predictive value, particularly…

…to bleeding and alcohol use. A high bleeding risk score should prompt correction of modifiable risk factors and closer surveillance; it does not, by itself…

…the lowest complication rate. The femoral artery is the second choice and is often the best in marked shock or during high dose vasopressor treatment…

…rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI…

…testing). Dyspnea (dyspnoea) Exercise does lead to tachypnea (increased respiratory rate), which should, however, be distinguished from dyspnea which is shortness of breath. Dyspnea may…

…repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in the atrioventricular node and the QRS complex does not…

…Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended…

…rehabilitation, ablative or surgical interventions The test does not define the structure or composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque, identify plaques at high risk of rupture…

…atrioventricular node does not possess automaticity, but cells surrounding it do. These cells are capable of generating an escape rhythm with a rate of 40…

…and terminate infusion of nitroprusside if cyanide toxicity is suspected. Adverse effects • Nausea. Vomiting. Agitation. Muscle spasm. Sweating. Flushing. • Prolonged high dose use may cause…

…done through an external device that communicates wirelessly with the pacemaker. A wide range of settings can be adjusted. These settings include the base rate…

…is done using high frequency waves. The frequency of the ultrasound wave must generally be reduced in order to visualize objects located far away from…

…this that does the work of ventilation — raising IPAP and EPAP by the same amount does not increase ventilation at all . The backup rate is…

…The cardiovascular burden of CKD extends beyond CAD to peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, valvular heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and other arrhythmias or…

…for ventricular rate control in atrial fibrillation, particularly when other therapeutic options cannot be pursued. Patients receiving digoxin may present with symptoms of digitalis toxicity…

…dysfunction Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…

…Regardless of etiology and ECG, ventricular tachycardia is always a potentially life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate is typically very high…

…the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high risk…

…disease, as well as patients with reduced left ventricular function. This is because these patients are at particularly high risk of developing life threatening arrhythmias…

…atrioventricular node from those originating in the bundle of His. Well trained athletes may have very high Vagal tone which lowers the automaticity in the…

…related to high ventricular rates and the loss of the atrial kick. The rapid ventricular response can lead to a reversible depression of systolic function…

…Conversely, a high CAC score indicates substantial atherosclerotic burden but does not, by itself, establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical…

…needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is primarily developed for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any…

…the source material does not specify symptom patterns in detail. Physical manifestations Tendinous xanthomas, particularly over extensor tendons, are characteristic clinical manifestations of untreated FH…

…a high capacity, low affinity transporter situated in the S1 and S2 segments of the renal proximal tubule. It accounts for approximately 90% of renal…

…tomographic images of the left ventricle. In PET (Positron Emission Tomography), radiotracers emit positrons. When a positron collides with an electron, they annihilate each other…

…contrast agents, and accurately identifies abdominal aortic enlargement. Screening reduces aneurysm related mortality in populations with a high prevalence of AAA, particularly older male smoke

…1]. Although TdP and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes…

…2] . This change reflects robust evidence that female sex alone, in the absence of other comorbidities, does not significantly increase stroke risk. Conversely, the 2023…

…Inhaled and topical steroids in high doses can also cause systemic suppression. Corticosteroids mask fever and peritonitis. The abdomen of a patient on corticosteroids can…

…from selected populations, frequently with low or intermediate ischemic risk and under representation of patients with STEMI or other very high risk features. Noninferiority studies…

…Treatment • No prior treatment, low dose, or low intensity lipid lowering therapy: • Start high potency, high dose statin therapy (Class I recommendation). • Immediate combination with…

…edoxaban Prothrombin complex concentrate, consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial…

…severe episodes, with concurrent physical illness or after prolonged very high intake More than 90 percent of withdrawal seizures occur within 48 hours. Seizures later…

…a high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in…

…pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile response…

…and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6–8 hours for primary closure rests on…

…activated charcoal through a gastric tube at a dose of 0.5 g/kg. Refrain from using activated charcoal if more than one hour has…

…not developed for routine coronary prevention because of fatal infections and high cost. Low dose methotrexate did not reduce cardiovascular outcomes, and several other agents…

…not in the choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless otherwise stated. When the weight of a child aged 1…

…duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug Enalaprilat Brand names Vasotec IV ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Acute left ventricular…

…through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg. The LDL C response varies…