…a head lamp, bayonet forceps, a tongue depressor, a vomit bowl. Local anaesthesia and vasoconstriction: lidocaine 4 % with oxymetazoline 0.5 % (or xylometazoline) on cotton…

…equipment A chair with a head rest, preferably an ENT chair; raise the chair to your eye level. A head lamp or another directable light…

…temperature water or saline ( 36–37 °C ), a kidney dish, a towel, suction. Manual technique: an operating otoscope or a head lamp with a loupe…

…delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered…

Echocardiography Pulmonary (pulmonic) stenosis Pulmonary stenosis is virtually always a consequence of congenital heart disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the…

…LAP and LVEDP. Cardiogenic shock develops if the cardiac output is insufficient. Aortic regurgitation may cause myocardial ischemia because cardiac output diminishes in parallel with…

…with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or…

…leading to right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure. Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging…

…As an idiosyncratic response to substances such as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation…

…the patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be…