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In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…Stent fracture or collapse Residual edge dissection Incomplete lesion preparation Persistent stenosis within the treated segment Mechanical factors are particularly important because correction of the…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…dislodgement, lead fracture or inadequate myocardial contact. It may also be due to the low amplitude (voltage) of the potentials generated by activated myocardium. Functional…

Reduction of dislocations

…becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring operative treatment …

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

Casting and immobilisation

…dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…swelling. A vein suspected of thrombosis or previously thrombophlebitic. Intraosseous access (absolute, for the bone in question): A fracture of the bone to be punctured…

Nasogastric tube

…stricture or a known diverticulum Relative Recent nasal or pharyngeal surgery Signs that should raise the suspicion of a base of skull fracture: periorbital bruising…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and the simultaneous delivery of red cells, plasma and platelets. Observational data from…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often fails is that it is done wrongly: the patient pinches the nasal bone instead of the soft part…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…is given. The serious incidents almost always arise when the principle of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a…

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