…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

…brachial index (TBI). The digital arteries rarely calcify, which makes toe pressure the method of choice in diabetes and renal failure. A normal TBI is ≥

…cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but the differential diagnosis includes oesophagitis, gastritis, a Mallory Weiss tear, a Dieulafoy lesion, angiodysplasia, malignancy and an aortoenteric fistula…

…lymphoedema or a dialysis fistula in both arms, an arm circumference too large for the available cuffs, and in a patient who does not tolerate…

…anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological…

…poorer absorption. Injection into an arm with a dialysis fistula. Preparation and equipment Hand disinfection; gloves where there is a risk of blood contact. An…

…and perirectal Often larger than it appears; risk of fistula Surgeon, often operative management Breast Cosmesis, milk ducts, malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of…

…fewer than 5% of otherwise normal angiograms demonstrate bridging. The wide range reflects differences in ascertainment and imaging technique. Coronary fistulae represent abnormal communications between…