…Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling. The designation "Heart Failure with improved Ejection…

…disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

…Waagstein, Hjalmarsson, and Swedberg proposed using beta blockers – which have negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects – to treat heart failure, they were met with skepticism…

Info The ECG must always be interpreted systematically. Failure to perform systematic interpretation may actually be detrimental. We have therefore compiled a pocket guide with…

…Failure to perform a systematic interpretation of the ECG may be detrimental. The interpretation algorithm presented below is easy to follow and it can be…

…Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements unless…

…failure, despite their negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or…

…relaxation and filling. Hypertension and diabetes can contribute to the development of heart failure in the preserved and mildly reduced EF ranges, and obesity is…

…of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional…

…etc) is necessary to improve outcomes in out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Initiating or withholding CPR In cases…

…related to fluid retention and worsening congestion The clinical course may be chronic and relatively stable or punctuated by episodes of worsening heart failure requiring…

…However, diuretic treatment has not been shown formally to reduce heart failure mortality; its established role is symptom relief and prevention of recurrent congestion and…

…s disease, renal failure, tamoxifen, lithium, thiazide diuretics, D vitamin and calcium overdose. ECG changes due to hypercalcemia Common ECG changes Shortened QT interval. Lengthened…

…with osteoblastic metastases, diminished calcium absorption and/or enhanced calcium excretion, chronic renal failure, pancreatic or bowel resections (leading to "short bowel syndrome"), parathyroid and…

…failure. Consider urgent angiography in patients with unknown etiology for acute severe heart failure. A recent echocardiographic examination should be available or performed urgently to…

…linking). Concurrent activation of the coagulation cascade leads to thrombin generation and fibrin deposition, culminating in a partially or fully occlusive intraluminal thrombus [5] . ACS…

…the old hole. Infection or burns over the puncture site. Osteogenesis imperfecta and severe osteoporosis (relative). An inability to identify the landmarks. Choice of vein…

…heart failure, myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz…

…toxins, thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary), tension pneumothorax. No drug has been shown to improve the neurological outcome in cardiac arrest. High quality compressions with minimal…

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary to…

…or electromagnetic disturbance caused by other machines/devices. Below follows ECG tracings demonstrating each type of failure. Figure 1. Failure to pace. Figure 2. Failure…

…coronary syndrome, acute left ventricular failure with pulmonary oedema, acute aortic syndrome, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic haemolysis, and severe pre eclampsia or eclampsia. The blood…

…If oral anticoagulation is indicated, NOACs should be chosen except in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves; for these patients…

…in conditions requiring afterload reduction. Time to onset of action 10 30 minutes. Duration of action <4 hours. Delivery IV or IM. Dose Injections • IV…

…and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to…

…nitroglycerin regularly may have developed tolerance and require higher doses, alternatively nitroprusside to achieve desirable blood pressure lowring effect. Drug Nitroglycerin Brand names Gonitro ®…

…to cyanide. Cyanid toxicity may be fatal (should be suspected if patient develops altered mental status and lactic acidosis). Fatal outcomes are rare. Renal failure…

…oxygenation Evidence of systemic congestion or acute RV failure Syncope or altered clinical status Comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, active cancer, and other conditions incorporated into validated…

…and/or heart failure. Nicardipine doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency). ACE inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to…

…following scenarios: Inability to exercise due to physical limitations. Contraindications to exercise, such as unstable angina, severe aortic stenosis, decompensated heart failure, or aortic aneurysm…

…Mortality in pulmonary embolism is up to 20%, and roughly 30% of patients with pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis experience a second thrombotic event…

…cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows or suboptimal Doppler alignment may skew results…

…a threatened airway, a marked risk of aspiration, or failure that is not rapidly reversed by an antidote B Respiratory rate, saturation, chest movement and…

…glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min). Patients with mild to moderate heart failure, kidney or liver disease, especially when combined with diuretics (risk of…

…evaluated within 1 to 2 weeks after initiation of ACE inhibitors, especially in patients with preexisting azotemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, diabetes mellitus, or in those taking…

…recommendations are not restricted to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic…

…cardiovascular effects. Diabetes may also contribute to arrhythmogenesis through diabetic neuropathy and adverse metabolic effects, independently of coexisting CAD, previous myocardial infarction or HF. Nevertheless…

…artery perfusion. These changes gradually lead to insufficient coronary perfusion (i.e myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris), ventricular dysfunction (heart failure) and arrhythmias. The annual…

…However, none of the ECG changes or arrhythmias are unique to digoxin. One should always suspect digoxin as the trigger of an arrhythmia (in patients…

…10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in heart muscle. In other words, the heart…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…ruler in the image. A reduction in size of 40% within four weeks predicts healing — failure to shrink should prompt reconsideration of the diagnosis. 3…

…or in headache. A failure to improve function is a reason to taper off, not to increase the dose. Contraindications Ongoing respiratory depression, or untreated…

…to below 140 mmHg and 90 mmHg, respectively, despite: Appropriate lifestyle measures; A renin–angiotensin system blocker; A calcium channel blocker; and A thiazide or…

…3 consecutive beats (or from a latent pacemaker (or any other ectopic focus) are referred to as escape beats. Three or more consecutive beats from…

…the principles that are common to all protocols. Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a…

…commercial paracentesis set or a catheter over needle, 16–18 G, connected to tubing and a collection container. Sample tubes: an EDTA tube for the…

…Failure (1 point) H ypertension (1 point) A₂ ge ≥75 years (2 points) D iabetes Mellitus (1 point) S₂ troke, Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), or…

…in 5% to 30% of patients taking these agents. The cough is characteristically nonproductive and dry. Patients may describe a persistent tickle or sensitivity in…

…classification, remains incompletely established. Data concerning premature menopause and subsequent hypertension or diabetes are insufficient to support firm conclusions. Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including…

…heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low blood pressure secondary to…

…The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation to acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure or cardiogenic shock…

…arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU), coronary care unit (CCU), or catheterization laboratory…

…hypertension, valvular disease or congenital heart disease. Cardiomyopathy leads to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. There are six main types of cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy…

…that the the ventricle must overcome to pump blood out into the pulmonary artery. Resistance may increase in, for example, pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis…

…as a tendency to exhaust the conduction capacity. It starts with the successful conduction of an atrial impulse (either with normal or abnormal PR interval…

…and may arise from non ischaemic cardiac conditions (such as myocarditis) or non cardiac conditions (such as renal failure). To establish a diagnosis of MI…

…heart failure, and weakest with ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular or all cause mortality. Risk rises gradually from approximately 30 mg/dL (62 nmol/L) to…