…ventricular lead). T waves reflect repolarization and should not be sensed by the pacemaker. Sensing is used to inhibiting or triggering pacing pulses. The inhibition…

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

…lead. Lead fixation to the myocardium may be active , meaning that the cathode consists of a screw that is inserted into the myocardium, or passive …

…radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending compartment syndrome…

…segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to recurrent…

…the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that may not be fully…

…possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an…

…should not be interpreted as representative of the population experiencing OHCA and IHCA. Shockable and non shockable rhythms All healthcare professionals must be able to…

…activity that it incorrectly interprets as atrial (P wave) or ventricular activity (R wave). The signals causing oversensing may not be visible on surface ECG…

…of skin color is not necessary to confirm cardiac arrest. Skin color is pale or cyanotic, but this may be difficult to discern depending on…

…fossa or the external jugular vein are the vessels that can most often still be punctured — and ultrasound makes the deep forearm veins accessible to…

…the findings of the ambulance crew The stated dose is often unreliable and must never be used on its own to declare the patient well…

…be started. Radiography before reduction A radiograph is taken before reduction in a first time dislocation , so as not to reduce a fracture dislocation or…

…treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ALS = Advanced life support. Advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ACLS) should be…

…be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions), a rapid decline in blood oxygen saturation ensues. Within 1 2 minutes, oxygen saturation falls to…

…impeding or halting venous return to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a…

…and can guide resuscitative efforts. If the patient presents with hypotension or has a lactate level exceeding 4 mmol/l, commence an intravenous fluid resuscitation…

…arises when heat production or acquisition surpasses the body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory…

…tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest since these cases tend to be recognized and…

…cause does not fall into the other categories. Trauma Cardiac arrest caused by violence, accidents, burns, or other trauma. Drowning Cardiac arrest due to drowning…

…or equivalent is used for secure identification. If the examination is performed urgently, the examination can be performed before personal identification data is assigned to…

…article. Treatment of bradycardia (due to any cause) Benign (physiological) causes of bradycardia (e.g. vasovagal reaction, well trained athletes) need not be treated. When…

…to the QRS complex). Typically used to treat atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and other tachyarrhythmias with discernible QRS complexes. Shockable rhythm : Tachyarrhythmias that can be…

…first responders to OHCA, in addition to ambulances. Chest compressions are prioritized above ventilations. DEFIBRILLATION Public defibrillators (AED, Automatic External Defibrillator) can be used by…

…which the middle ear may be open (a mastoid cavity, mastoidectomy). An only hearing ear. Relative (choose a manual technique or refer to ENT): Condition…

…the lung. No tube may be used before its position has been verified by an approved method, and auscultation is not such a method. Indications…

…either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to consider…

…required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting or an investigation…

…symptoms (pericarditis, encephalopathy) and certain poisonings. Early initiation without an absolute indication has not been shown to improve survival. Parameter Guide value : : Effluent dose, continuous…