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Basic cardiac pacing, pacemaker functions and settings

…ventricular lead). T waves reflect repolarization and should not be sensed by the pacemaker. Sensing is used to inhibiting or triggering pacing pulses. The inhibition…

Exercise Electrocardiographic Testing: Indications, Limitations and Interpretation

…syndrome Exercise ECG may be used in selected patients with suspected chronic coronary syndrome when the result is expected to influence diagnostic strategy or management…

Components and construction of a pacemaker

…lead. Lead fixation to the myocardium may be active , meaning that the cathode consists of a screw that is inserted into the myocardium, or passive …

Casting and immobilisation

…radiograph. Contraindications An open fracture or a wound that needs to be inspected — use a windowed splint or external fixation. Established or impending compartment syndrome…

In-Stent Restenosis: Mechanisms and Treatment

…segment or at its margins. Angiographic restenosis has traditionally been described as a follow up diameter stenosis exceeding 50%, whereas clinical restenosis refers to recurrent…

Intravascular Imaging: IVUS and OCT for PCI Optimisation

…the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of lesions that may not be fully…

Vasovagal Syncope: Diagnosis, Tilt Testing and Treatment

…possible or known plaques, or stenosis. Diagnostics Electrocardiogram and Cardiac Monitoring An ECG should be performed if there is suspicion of syncope due to an…

Arrhythmias before and during cardiac arrest

…should not be interpreted as representative of the population experiencing OHCA and IHCA. Shockable and non shockable rhythms All healthcare professionals must be able to…

Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…activity that it incorrectly interprets as atrial (P wave) or ventricular activity (R wave). The signals causing oversensing may not be visible on surface ECG…

Basic Life Support (BLS) in cardiac arrest

…of skin color is not necessary to confirm cardiac arrest. Skin color is pale or cyanotic, but this may be difficult to discern depending on…

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