…dislocation The commonest of all dislocations. There is a hollow beneath the acromion, the arm is held in slight abduction and external rotation, and the…

…myocardium may be excited by external electrical stimuli that drive the cells to threshold. Stimulation threshold is the minimum amount of energy required to reach…

…coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and functional imaging have higher diagnostic performance. Its most consistent contemporary role is therefore the assessment of functional capacity, symptoms…

…of myocardial excitability Myocardium is excitable not only by action potentials originating in the sinus node, but also by external electrical stimuli that drive the…

…about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated conservatively. Immobilisation after reduction of a…

…accumulation of tissue within the stent progressively reduce the lumen. The stent scaffold prevents the external constriction that characterizes restenosis after balloon angioplasty. The biological…

…beyond the lumen and visualization of the external elastic membrane (EEM). IVUS is consequently useful for determining vessel size, plaque burden, and the dimensions of…

…40% of females and 30% of males due to a lack of effective reflex response to posture, venous pooling, or external stimuli. The underlying pathophysiology…

…occur in one patient. The typical depiction of sudden cardiac death as a gradual transition from sinus rhythm to ventricular tachycardia (VT), to ventricular fibrillation…

…Most cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common…

…resuscitation. AED = automatic external defibrillator. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is the number of patients you need to treat to save one. If…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…is likely, but avoid repeated blind boluses in cardiogenic toxic shock D Plasma glucose immediately. Assess the level of consciousness, the pupils, tone, clonus and…

…save one. If an intervention has an NNT of 10, then 10 people must be treated to save 1. AED = automatic external defibrillator. ECMO…

…out of hospital cardiac arrest due to external causes ( Kitamura et al). References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic…

…to the heart. In instances of tension pneumothorax, the accumulated pressure can shift the entire mediastinum, manifesting externally as a laryngeal displacement. Etiologies of tension…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients' survival? Resuscitation 2012; 83:81922. Mroczek…

…J, Toivio T, et al. Does appropriate treatment of the primary underlying cause of PEA during resuscitation improve patients’ survival? Resuscitation 2012;83:81922. Mroczek…

…tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial…

…through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of…

…External resources Guidelines from ASE (American Society of Echocardiography) Guidelines from ESC (European Society for Cardiology) Preparations for the examination Patients referred for echocardiography should…

…Implementation of an external artificial pacemaker is an effective treatment. In cthe ase of concomitant tachyarrhythmia, the pacemaker allows for adequate (high) dosing of rate…

…automatic external defibrillator (AED). Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC) : Return of mechanical cardiac function resulting in circulation with pulse. Coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) : The pressure…

…the same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest…

…to the head and neck Fragile skin, poor healing Ear canal stenosis or exostoses Narrow and hard to reach Ongoing otitis externa Pain, spread of…

…Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and evacuation in poisoning (see…

…Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all traumatic cardiac arrests. In the absence of evident hemorrhage, potential etiologies to…

…on the ward Situation Target plasma glucose : : Most inpatients 6–10 mmol/L Frail older people, a short expected survival, a high risk of hypoglycaemia…

…0 g/kg/day Enteral nutrition Started within 48 h where possible Thromboprophylaxis Low molecular weight heparin unless contraindicated Head of the bed 30–45°…