…Assessment should integrate the history, physical examination, laboratory data and diagnostic testing. Examination for congestion Useful bedside indicators of persistent or improving congestion include: J

…a chronic, relapsing and biologically complex disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. It is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cardiovascular risk…

…in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in those who are otherwise haemodynamically unstable. The benefit of its administration in these patients should be…

…polymeric or polymer free drug delivery system, and an antiproliferative agent. Their development has improved procedural safety, reduced repeat revascularization, and broadened the range of…

…include: Diabetes and insulin resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral…

…young adults with congenital heart disease. Initiation Strategies Because of its ability to significantly prolong the QT interval and cause torsades de pointes or provoke…

…disease or excessive beta blocker or calcium channel blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of…

…risk of hypercapnia has been assessed. 3. Take an arterial blood gas in respiratory compromise, low saturation, suspected carbon dioxide retention, reduced consciousness, or when…

…electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the…

…in lead II. Causes of bradyarrhythmia: sinus bradycardia, SA block, sinus arrest, sick sinus syndrome, second degree or third degree AV block. An escape rhythm…

…Contraindications Atrial fibrillation or flutter of unknown or excessive duration without adequate anticoagulation or exclusion of thrombus — the most important relative contraindication to elective cardioversion…

…response is not excessive, or may cause substantial haemodynamic compromise. Symptoms and consequences may include: Palpitations and awareness of an irregular or rapid heartbeat Dyspnoea…

…peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship…

…or not PCI is performed, is 12 months of DAPT unless there is a contraindication, an indication for oral anticoagulation, or an excessive risk of…

…Reduced exercise tolerance. Excessive fatigue. These non chest pain manifestations are reported more frequently in females, older adults and people with diabetes. Ischaemic heart disease…

…the examiner can further increase the amount of gain applied to incoming sound waves. This is done using gain control or time gain compensation (TGC)…

…CYP2C9 variants) (1 point) E xcessive fall risk (1 point) S troke (1 point) HEMORR₂HAGES Score Risk category Incidence of major bleeding (per 100 patient…

…pathological Q waves, which means that these ECGs were recorded several hours after symptom onset or those are signs of old infarction. Pathological R waves…

…days as necessary. Supplemental infusions of 150 mg over 10 minutes can be utilized for breakthrough ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF). IV infusions…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…associated with extensive anterior or transmural infarction, apical dysfunction, LV aneurysm formation, and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an…

…minor right ventricular necrosis is found in approximately one third of patients with inferior infarction. Extensive involvement is less common in patients with inferoposterior left…

…or sudden cardiac death. The resulting extensive ischemia causes immediate myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial…

…is uncertain or borderline, the fibular artery can also be sought anterior to the lateral malleolus. Calculation: for each leg, the highest of the dorsalis…

…of aspiration: a non fasted patient, ileus, third trimester pregnancy, marked reflux. A need for high airway pressures, for example severe ARDS, marked obesity or…

…from them Full bladder Have the patient void, or catheterise, before puncture Pregnancy, previous extensive abdominal surgery Ultrasound guidance; choose a new site if in…

…Instillation therapy and contrast studies of the urinary tract. Wound healing with a sacral pressure sore or extensive perineal wounds where urinary leakage prevents healing…

…in females. Untreated HoFH is associated with extensive premature and progressive ASCVD; CAD and aortic stenosis may occur before the age of 20 years, with…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Ivabradine is a selective inhibitor of the If, or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current…

…extensive myocardium at risk, severe baseline stenosis, multivessel coronary artery disease, or diffuse disease. No reflow represents impaired antegrade myocardial perfusion in the absence of…

…2%–24% of patients with CAD. The pathophysiology of refractory angina is heterogeneous. In obstructive CAD, symptoms may result from extensive or diffuse epicardial disease…

…hours after symptom onset, PPCI is recommended when there are: ongoing symptoms suggestive of ischaemia; haemodynamic instability; or life threatening arrhythmias. A routine PPCI strategy…

…syndrome, stress testing may be considered after at least 24 hours of stabilization, provided that active ischaemia and haemodynamic or electrical instability are absent. A…

…and subsequent sudden death are rare, the arrhythmia is precipitated by an extensive list of "torsadegenic" or "QT liability" drugs. This includes Class III antiarrhythmic…

…imbalance Hypercalcemia Definition : P/S Ca 2+ 2.6 mmol/L In approximately 90% of cases, hypercalcemia is attributed to primary hyperparathyroidism or neoplastic etiologies…

…this chapter, you will learn the physiological basis of all ECG waves and how to determine whether the ECG is normal or abnormal. Although heart…

…collaterals, it may survive for 60 minutes in the case of a total occlusion or 5 hours in the case of a partial occlusion. Coronary…

…papillary muscle or its connected myocardium may also result in mitral prolapse. Extensive myocardial infarction may lead to papillary muscle rupture. The risk of rupture…

…or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture. Clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture despite a normal…

…applies where you work. They assume normal renal and hepatic function, a non pregnant adult of normal weight, and individual assessment. See the separate quick…

…associated with extensive atherosclerosis and frequently occurs in older patients with multiple vascular comorbidities. An isolated PAU is one without associated IMH, dissection, or saccular…

…typical circuits occurring in diseased atria—most frequently following surgery or extensive ablation, or under the influence of antiarrhythmic drugs—can produce atypical ECG patterns…

…angiography or PCI; cardiogenic shock; ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; extensive vascular calcification; female sex; low body mass index; larger arterial sheaths; greater intensity of…

…dysfunction suggesting extensive obstructive CAD. A high risk result on non invasive testing. Symptoms that are strongly suggestive of obstructive CAD. Uncertain or inconclusive non…

…130 msec in females , along with slurring or notching of the mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate…

…consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart failure, haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance. The source material does not provide a specific examination profile or diagnostic…

…a continuum of myocardial injury ranging from minor or reversible injury to extensive necrosis. Causes of myocardial injury Important causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting…

…revascularization, while avoiding unnecessary procedural complications and bleeding in those at lower risk or in whom the hazards of revascularization outweigh its potential benefit. A…

…battery with a lifespan of 5–10 years. A shorter lifespan can be expected if the pacing requirement is extensive, or if the stimulus threshold…

…complete coronary artery occlusion, which results in the complete stop of blood flow and thus more extensive myocardial ischemia (referred to as transmural ischemia). Yet…

Echocardiography Principles of echocardiographic examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position…