…size, measured as its inner diameter, is strongly related to heart failure, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and overall mortality. Ventricular dimensions are measured using an electronic caliper…

…worldwide [15]. Clinical Presentation and Course Both AL and ATTR CA typically present as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and a multitude of…

…resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography…

…is also fundamental to global cardiac function. Diastolic dysfunction results in a special type of heart failure, referred to as heart failure with preserved ejection…

…setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Sustained VT: Defined as VT lasting longer than 30 seconds or requiring termination…

…PET offers higher spatiotemporal quality, as compared with SPECT. Quantification of blood flow using PET Quantitative PET perfusion imaging offers precise measurements of myocardial blood…

…These electrons depolarize the myocardium and thus trigger an action potential that will spread through the myocardium. The electrodes are also used to record electrical…

…volume Ejection fraction is also affected by left ventricular volume (size). For example, athletes have large ventricular dimensions and often lower ejection fraction, as compared…

…reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is defined by symptoms and/or signs of HF with LVEF 41–49%. In this group, structural abnormalities such as left…

…invasively as a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) ≥15 mmHg at rest or ≥25 mmHg during exercise [4] . This hemodynamic criterion underscores that "preserved" ejection…

…ventricular filling or ejection of blood. The 2021 Universal Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome…

…requiring hospitalization. Progressive sodium and fluid retention is described as a frequent mechanism of clinical deterioration and acute decompensation despite apparently effective chronic treatment. Functional…

…with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), defined by an LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series…

…although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on the device, the patient's…

…there are no regional wall motion abnormalities, then fractional shortening correlates strongly with ejection fraction. Similar to ejection fraction, fractional shortening is affected by preload…

…12 lead ECG as usual and record a resting ECG of the arrhythmia before the electrode is inserted. 2. Disconnect the V5 electrode from the…

…renal function, left ventricular ejection fraction) to provide a more personalized risk assessment. Key Variables in SYNTAX Score II Anatomical SYNTAX Score : Derived from the…

…the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity…

…ECG leads: limb leads and chest leads. The chest leads may also be referred to as precordial leads . This article will discuss the ECG leads…

… higher in known hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple…

…Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or acquired cardiac shunts, such as atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), and…

…are elevated. Consequently, congestion may occur across the full range of left ventricular ejection fraction and may result from systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, or both…

…are revolutionizing public health strategies, transcending their original roles as glucose lowering agents to become essential tools for cardiovascular risk reduction, offering profound benefits in…

…recovery of ejection fraction, and survival has been challenged by randomized trials. Relationship between viability and LV recovery Observational studies and positron emission tomography (PET…

…inhibitors and inducers. Clinical indications Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction Ivabradine is an adjunctive option for selected patients with symptomatic HFrEF. The guideline defined…

…Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide based method for assessing regional…

…which is also shown in Figure 3. If an atria becomes enlarged (typically as a compensatory mechanism) its contribution to the P wave will be…

…Moreover, V1–V3 may also show larger R waves, which are reciprocal to posterior Q waves. As mentioned above, posterior myocardial infarction may be accompanied…

…whereas a synchronized shock (timed to the QRS complex) avoids this risk. Synchronized cardioversion is used for organized tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter…

…Tissue Doppler can also be used to measure the velocity of the mitral annulus, as it travels from the base to the apex during systole…

…and defibrillation according to adult recommendations. Electrode pads should be positioned as standard, and defibrillation energy levels should remain consistent with those used for non…

…shock volume and ejection fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to…

…failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFPEF ). Diastolic heart failure is presumably at least as common as systolic heart failure ( heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…cause of pacemaker mediated tachycardia is endless loop tachycardia, which also depends on the ventricular stimulation being triggered by atrial activity. In endless loop tachycardia…

…circumferential contraction. Thus, methods such as ejection fraction may provide easily obtained parameters, but fail to provide important insights into left ventricular mechanics. Regional differences…

…interpreted as cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be initiated. Agonal breathing is interpreted as manifest cardiac arrest. Defibrillation : Use of non synchronized electric shock…

…Thus, piezoelectric crystals can convert electric currents into ultrasound waves. The crystals can also do the opposite; when the crystals are hit by reflected ultrasound…

Procedurer Two recordings that are performed in primary care but interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the…

…transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding with coagulopathy, or as part of balanced transfusion in massive haemorrhage. Transfusion thresholds in the stable, non…

…intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease. Risk assessment after myocardial infarction or before…

…wax retains moisture. Contraindications Absolute contraindications to irrigation: A known or suspected perforation of the tympanic membrane — including a history of grommets, ear discharge or…

…wait for complete diagnostic certainty. Sepsis is defined as life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds…

…Left ventricular function (ejection fraction) Women Men Normal Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal Normal Mildly abnormal Moderately abnormal Severely abnormal LINEAR METHOD Endocardial fractional…

…It integrates multiple variables, including the number of lesions, their location, and specific characteristics such as bifurcations, chronic total occlusions (CTOs), calcification, and thrombus presence…

…and prolong life. Furthermore, because ACE inhibitors also inhibit kininase II, they may lead to the upregulation of bradykinin, which further enhances the effects of…

…atrial fibrillation. Consequently, alcohol should not be initiated as a cardiovascular preventive strategy. A drink equivalent contains approximately 12–14 g of ethanol. Representative quantities…

…The agent undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues…

…Beta blockers also have prognostic value in selected populations. Their benefit is well supported in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and…

…diabetes care are therefore integral rather than optional components. Psychological and social factors also influence prognosis. Major depression after infarction is associated independently with increased…

…and age related changes in left ventricular filling contribute to susceptibility. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is regarded as a multifactorial systemic illness involving

…disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to the disproportionate cardiovascular burden in women. Depression and anxiety are approximately twice as prevalent in women and…

…hospital mortality rates, as well as lower ejection fractions and higher peak biomarker levels, compared to those without such conduction defects [12]. Sudden Cardiac Death…

…therefore acts both as an independent cardiovascular risk factor and as a driver of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia and systemic inflammation. It is also associated with…

…occur in patients with severe coronary artery disease, defined in the source material as stenosis greater than 70%, and are an important reason that patients…

…absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size must also be considered. Patients with mPAP…

…glucose is reabsorbed by SGLT1 in the S3 segment. SGLT2 also mediates proximal tubular sodium reabsorption, with chloride following passively down the resulting electrochemical gradient…

…been associated with a 36% reduction in premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk within several…

…and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Diabetes also substantially increases the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which itself promotes cardiovascular disease and amplifies cardiovascular and…