…address the cause, assess renal function and the rate of rise. Often outpatient or brief inpatient follow up depending on the clinical picture Moderate 6…

…for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when appropriate, immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…is associated with lower than expected BNP and NT proBNP concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide…

…The decision to transfer the patient to the ICU or CCU depends on the system of care and patient status. The absolute majority of patients…

…designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g…

…roots of the cauda equina. If in doubt: choose a level lower, never higher. 3. Mark the puncture site, clean in wide circles and apply…

…decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of…

…establish the presence or haemodynamic significance of a specific stenosis. Clinical Role and Indications CAC scoring is principally a risk stratification tool for individuals without…

…in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in…

…before starting and after about 1 hour — without a blood gas the treatment cannot be guided. A decision on the level of care and on…

…in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once the patient has recovered. Pitfalls Haemolysis raises the potassium, LDH and AST and lowers the haptoglobin…

…cardiac death (SCD) and a major cause of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management…

…regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of work between the ambulance service, the emergency department and the PCI laboratory may differ between Swedish regions…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms…

…8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is…

…recent noninferiority trials of wire free angiography derived physiology (ALL RISE and FAST III) within this evolving landscape, and proposes an integrated decision pathway for…

…estimated likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may identify…

…classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making…

…non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction…

…samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your own laboratory's method uses. In a suspected Addisonian crisis…

…ventricular function and the anticipated benefit–risk balance of revascularization. Coronary angiography remains primarily an anatomical examination, whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging…

…risk of rebound. The referring physician should have made this decision; document which applies. Nitroglycerin is continued; note it in the report. Shaving and careful…

…for race, particularly for individuals of African descent, which may not accurately reflect the diversity within racial groups and can lead to misestimations. Clinical implications…

…adults with elevated blood pressure (BP), in whom absolute cardiovascular risk varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast…

…speed of 50 mm/s with 1 mV = 10 mm. At 50 mm/s a small square (1 mm) corresponds to 20 ms and…

…risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation clinic, and a decision on…

…and the decision to initiate CPR is often ambiguous. Since the risk of attempting CPR is extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully…

…clarity and respect is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation — may continue…

…the last dose, the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship between blood pressure and outcome…

…enlarge. Risk Stratification: Stroke and Bleeding Assessment The decision to initiate oral anticoagulation (OAC) hinges on a rigorous assessment of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks…

…The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact…

…a treatment decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are…

…is usually sufficient. Shared decision making The calculator provides a quantitative estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians and patients. This is…

…the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has limitations, its evolution into SYNTAX Score II and potential future…

…2031 7. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making E M Antman, M…

…despite appropriately titrated medical therapy should prompt consideration of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected for symptom relief after shared decision making…

…mechanism of an acute coronary syndrome or guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). ICA therefore has three principal roles: Defining the anatomical distribution and severity of…

…risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp(a) is independently associated with first and recurrent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease…

…risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision…

…in which the bradycardia and reduced contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core…

…than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A CTO may be discovered incidentally during diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the…