…collectively dictate the urgency and modality of intervention [3] . By Duration: Non sustained VT (NSVT): Defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a…

…are ECG changes, circulatory compromise or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4…

…ongoing or recurrent pain [1,3,4]. This quick reference gives internationally established doses. Drug availability, thrombolysis regimens, renal function thresholds and the division of…

…the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is an acute or subacute worsening of dyspnoea…

…and the key trials supporting each. A more detailed mechanistic discussion of each index follows in Section 2, and a guideline oriented comparison (procedural requirements…

…institutional practice. Complications are more frequent during PCI than during purely diagnostic angiography. Elective PCI has reported mortality of 0.1–0.3%, large myocardial…

…risk of falls; anaemia and a known gastrointestinal source are investigated before starting. A referral or notification to the anticoagulation clinic, and a decision on…

…A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation — call for help and get out the videolaryngoscope and plan B before you give the…

…disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of rebound. The referring physician should have made this decision…

…a reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs or seizures — because the delay costs more than the scan contributes. Only clinical signs of herniation halt…

…signs of shock 2 Two large bore peripheral cannulae. Consider an arterial line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood gases are needed 3…

…The decision must be documented and alternatives (iron, tranexamic acid, cell salvage, haemorrhage control) planned in advance. A history of a severe transfusion reaction: contact…

…12 lead ECG or a single lead ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P…

…5% 5,0% 12,2% 5 5,6% 8,5% 14,3% 6 7 6,5% 15,8% 20,9% Interpretation of TIMI Risk Score…

…insufficiency in pituitary disease, after pituitary surgery or radiotherapy, or with suspected suppression of the HPA axis after long term glucocorticoid treatment. A basal morning…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…15 and EPAP 4–5 cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to…

…marked renal failure. Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a persisting risk factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation…

…Board of Health and Welfare, checked after the decision to withdraw treatment has been documented. 2. A donor card and written expressions of intent. 3…

…A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation. 2000 Oct…

…related to body position or respiration. Triggering factors Symptoms triggered by exercise/effort (what level of exercise)? Symptoms at rest? Symptoms more easily provoked after…

…Clinical Applications Natriuretic peptides have three principal roles: Supporting or excluding the diagnosis of HF Estimating disease severity and prognosis Contributing to longitudinal assessment and…

…The decision to transfer the patient to the ICU or CCU depends on the system of care and patient status. The absolute majority of patients…

…angiography may be more appropriate when symptoms, risk or anatomical considerations warrant it. The contemporary diagnostic strategy also recognises that symptoms of myocardial ischaemia may…

…colleagues in 2018. This approach seeks to anchor diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in the presence or absence of an acute coronary occlusion, rather than rigid…

…effect of a coronary lesion depends on more than its visual diameter reduction. Relevant determinants include: Lesion eccentricity Vessel tortuosity Calcification Plaque rupture or asymmetric…

…of eGFR in clinical laboratories, enhancing consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more…

…used to classify 10 year risk as follows: Risk category 10 year risk of fatal or non fatal CVD Low <2% Moderate ≥2% to <10%…

…2 mm of coved type with a negative T wave in V1–V2. Early repolarisation: J point elevation ≥ 1 mm with notching or slurring in…

…risk. Clinical Applications Personalized Decision Making : SYNTAX Score II helps determine whether a patient should undergo PCI or CABG based on their risk profile. Predicting…

…extremely low and the potentially catastrophic consequences of wrongfully withholding an attempt, CPR is often initiated in individuals who are biologically dead or in w

…peripheral arterial disease. More than 70% of older adults presenting with myocardial infarction, stroke, acute aortic syndromes, or heart failure have preexisting hypertension. The relationship…

…nature of HCM. By combining these factors, the calculator generates a 5 year SCD risk percentage , which helps clinicians stratify patients into low, intermediate, or…

…variables. This updated version improves predictive accuracy for 10 year mortality and 5 year MACE, offering a more personalized approach to revascularization strategy. For instance…

…of coronary angiography and possible revascularization. Revascularization may be selected for symptom relief after shared decision making, particularly when the anginal burden is high or…

…decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of…

…conventional risk estimates leave uncertainty near a treatment decision threshold. It can move estimated cardiovascular risk upward or downward and may assist decisions concerning lipid…

…hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute…

…very high clinical likelihood of obstructive CAD, defined in the source material as greater than 85%, particularly when one or more of the following are…

…is moderate or near a treatment decision threshold. Failure to account for a high Lp(a) level may lead to substantial underestimation of cardiovascular risk…

…A continuous infusion or repeated doses, according to the local protocol Renal failure The insulin requirement falls . Reduce the dose and measure more frequently Acute…

…contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation and equipment Continuous core temperature measurement. An oesophageal probe or…

…than percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A CTO may be discovered incidentally during diagnostic angiography. Collateral vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the…