…pharmacological strategy to one that heavily integrates early catheter ablation and sophisticated device therapy [1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the…

…of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access, assess the circulation and the bleeding risk, and exclude dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2…

…The following division is clinically useful and is consistent with commonly used guidelines [1,3]. Level Plasma potassium Management : : : Mild 5.5 to 5.9…

…the risk of embolization. Risk assessment should be individualized. There are no absolute contraindications to coronary angiography in the general sense; the decision depends on…

…following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation. 2. Give controlled oxygen with a target of 88 to 92 percent…

…and the key trials supporting each. A more detailed mechanistic discussion of each index follows in Section 2, and a guideline oriented comparison (procedural requirements…

…pattern type 1: ST elevation ≥ 2 mm of coved type with a negative T wave in V1–V2. Early repolarisation: J point elevation ≥ 1 mm…

…These thresholds are also assay dependent. Follow up of known HPA suppression to determine whether replacement can be stopped. The test is not the first…

…management: 1. Is the patient haemodynamically compromised, or are there signs of ongoing major bleeding? 2. Is there cirrhosis, or another strong suspicion of portal…

…3 3 2 3 fingerbreadths of mouth opening, 3 fingerbreadths from chin to hyoid, 2 fingerbreadths from hyoid to the upper border of the thyroid…

…Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk models to estimate the risk of acute myocardial infarction, 30 day and 1 year mortality in patients with…

…patient instead. Refractory shock in which the bradycardia and reduced contractility of hypothermia are not tolerated. A decision to withhold further life sustaining treatment. Preparation…

…withheld 2–3 days before the test only when the question is purely diagnostic and the target heart rate is needed for the test to…

…the decision whether to perform it now or after imaging, how the patient is positioned, which needle is chosen, and that the tubes go to…

…decision to prescribe colchicine requires attention to the balance between reduction in ischaemic events and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of…

…ECG tracing lasting ≥30 seconds, characterized by irregularly irregular R R intervals and the absence of distinct P waves [1] [2] . Stroke Risk Scores: CHA2DS2…

…sensitivity troponin T < 14 ng/L The decision thresholds are assay specific — follow the local 0/1 hour protocol NT proBNP < 125 ng…

…result arrives. 3. Reduce to 5 mg (two tablets) on days 1 and 2 in patients over 75, with a weight below 60 kg, heart…

…cmH₂O Increase the IPAP in steps of 2–3 cmH₂O every 5–10 min towards 20–25 cmH₂O according to tolerance and pCO₂ SpO₂ 88…

…1. The donation register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare, checked after the decision to withdraw treatment has been documented. 2…

…risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

…to underestimate GFR in individuals with near normal or mildly reduced kidney function (eGFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m²), potentially leading to misclassification of…

…blood (always RhD negative to women of childbearing age) while awaiting the result. Equipment A large bore peripheral cannula — at least 1.3 mm (green…

…ICD) is warranted. The HCM Risk SCD calculator is validated to estimate the 5 year risk of SCD in patients with HCM. What is the…

…decision. Systemic thrombolysis is the first line treatment in high risk embolism, unless there is an absolute contraindication. The agent and dose are according to…

…therapy and broader preventive management. The test is particularly relevant when the decision to initiate or intensify preventive therapy is uncertain. Prevention guidelines support its…

…mortality 0 0,8% 1 1,6% 2 2,2% 3 4,4% 4 7,3% 5 12,4% 6 16,1% 7 23,4…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Approach to patients with chest pain: differential diagnoses, evaluation and management Chest pain is one of the most common symptoms…

…NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch…

…with the intent to perform PCI. The decision to transfer the patient to the ICU or CCU depends on the system of care and patient…

…the estimated likelihood of atherosclerotic obstructive CAD. CAC is therefore not merely an incidental imaging finding; it can refine the decision to test and may…

…whereas contemporary decision making increasingly combines anatomical imaging with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not…

…of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional risk stratification for that treatment decision. Population to…

…II? The SYNTAX Score II is an advanced version of the original SYNTAX Score, designed to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization…

…regard to no flow time, low flow time, patient preferences, patient background, and the decision to initiate CPR is often ambiguous. Since the risk of…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…s predictive accuracy. The SYNTAX Score remains a cornerstone in the management of complex CAD, providing a structured approach to revascularization strategy. While it has…

…microvascular dysfunction, or combinations of these mechanisms. Drug selection can therefore be tailored to the suspected mechanism. No antianginal class has demonstrated consistent superiority for…

…consideration of stroke. Acute ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the…

…investigation should be undertaken when its diagnostic or therapeutic consequences are likely to outweigh procedural risks. This balance forms part of shared clinical decision making…

…in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a) concentration is predominantly genetically determined, with heritability estimated at approximately 85% to more than…

…Demonstration of both significant myocardial ischaemia and viability in the territory supplied by the occluded artery is generally accepted as a useful way to bal