…is generally assumed to be zero, yielding the simplified ratio of mean distal coronary pressure to mean aortic pressure. FFR ranges from 0 to 1…

…supravalvular (stenosis distal to the valve). Valvular pulmonic stenosis can be caused by dysplastic, bicuspid or unicuspid valves. Table 1 presents common causes of pulmonic…

…claudication, the ankle pressure is measured immediately after treadmill walking or after repeated heel raises. A fall of ≥ 20 % after exercise confirms peripheral arterial disease…

…involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that penetrates through the…

…or coldness Paralysis Pain is often severe and is located distal to the arterial obstruction. Paresthesia, numbness and loss of sensation reflect peripheral nerve ischaemia…

…retrograde. Distal re entry tears may allow blood to return to the true lumen, whereas disruption of the adventitia can result in rupture. An alternative…

…influence several stages of intervention: lesion preparation; selection of stent diameter and length; identification of the proximal and distal reference segments; assessment of stent expansion…

…jeopardizes more myocardium than a distal lesion. In observational data, a lesion proximal to the first septal perforator of the left anterior descending artery was…

…No reflow should be suspected when distal coronary perfusion remains reduced despite successful treatment of the apparent epicardial stenosis and without an angiographically evident flow…

…vessels may maintain distal perfusion and permit visualization of the vessel beyond the occlusion when the patent donor artery is injected. The collateral circulation therefore…

…medicine Definition and pathophysiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a clinical disorder caused by stenosis or occlusion of the aorta or arteries supplying the limbs…

…thrombus Disruption of collateral flow Distal embolization Stent thrombosis Graft occlusion after CABG No reflow despite removal of an apparent epicardial stenosis The clinical consequences…

…types of ischemia– chronic, acute, or subacute –lead to regional abnormalities in contractile function. The abnormalities affect the myocardial area supplied by the arteries distal…

…myocardial perfusion on the microvascular level. This is presumably explained by distal microembolization and dysfunctional microcirculation. Indeed, studies show that 15–35% of patients with…

…the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal to the…

…of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor function, pulses and capillary refill. Check the skin, and remove rings and jewellery distal…

…open fracture of the distal phalanx with a subungual haematoma — manage it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is…

…the axillary nerve: sensation over the lateral part of the deltoid before and after the reduction , together with the distal pulse and sensation throughout the…

…equipment Assess and document before the local anaesthetic : distal sensation, motor function, capillary refill and pulse, and active movement of every tendon crossing the wound…

…Serial lesions Vessel size The relationship of the lesion to side branches The extent and distribution of downstream myocardium Collateral circulation Diffuse distal disease Thus…

…artery bypass grafting (CABG). Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The diagnosis of an acute MI remains a comprehensive clinical diagnosis based on patient symptoms, ECG changes…

…activation stimulates the coagulation cascade, generating thrombin and fibrin and enlarging the occlusive thrombus. The severity of myocardial injury depends on the size of the…

…1) medial segment (2) distal segment (3) posterior descending artery (PDA) (4) Additional coronary artery segments : RPLB : Posterolateral branch of the right coronary artery (16…

…myocardial stunning (akinesia) and electrical instability. Fewer than 1% of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who reach the catheterization laboratory are found to…

…if the QRS complexes are wide there is a risk of distal block which may progress to more advanced block (second or third degree AV…

…be located anywhere between the atrioventricular node and the bifurcation of the bundle of His. If there are cells (with automaticity) distal to the block…

…for the ventricles to exhibit any electrical—and consequently mechanical—activity, an escape rhythm must originate from an ectopic focus located distal to the block…

…Ratio of distal coronary pressure (Pd) to aortic pressure (Pa) at maximal pharmacologic hyperemia (adenosine); approximates fraction of normal maximal flow preserved by the stenosis…

…bundle branches receive the impulse and spread it. If the impulse is discharged distal to the bifurcation of the bundle of His, the QRS complexes…

…as the valves. Importantly, in the setting of valvular stenosis or regurgitation, the proximal velocity (v 1 ) is very small compared to the distal velocity…

…ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy…