…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of…

…available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder…

…of infection A small or uncooperative child Movement causes injury Preparation and equipment Otoscopy: an otoscope with a charged battery and clean disposable specula in…

…intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected to occur Death is confirmed by Direct criteria:…

…In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses…

…to close to the plane of the skin and advance a further 1–2 mm so that the catheter tip also lies in the lumen…

…the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation of cyclic…

…fatal myocardial infarction in which death occurs before biomarkers can be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed…

…for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term…

…passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion…

…liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A…

…due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function) in the sinoatrial node or conduction defects (e.g. second degree AV block) as a result of ischemia/infarction…

…myocardial infarction. Initial rhythm in traumatic cardiac arrest The initial rhythm in traumatic cardiac arrests comprises PEA in 60% of instances, asystole in 30%, and…

…normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis Child–Pugh Parameter 1…

…chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and 40 g daily in females as capable of causing cardiomyopathy. Several mechanisms contribute: Direct toxic…

…is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may…

…leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries…

…Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive…

…consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of…

…on QT prolongation or risk of torsade de pointes in PubMed. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Acetyldigoxin+AND+(%22QT%22+OR…

…time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged…

…NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress. They are released principally by ventricular cardiomyocytes in response to increased transmural stress and ventricular stretch…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and…

…expected delay and a symptom duration of less than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to…

…or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct…

…renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to the renal veins and can…

…multifaceted effects through direct activation of receptors in target tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep…

…risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and…

… rather, it is an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension…

…Direct 2 D measurement) Tissue Doppler Tissue Dopplerrecords the speed and direction of myocardial motion. This is possible because myocardium also reflects ultrasound waves. In…

…complicated and not within the scope of this discussion. The bottom line, however, is of direct clinical relevance and states that increased afterload results in…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias: from automaticity to re entry This section introduces the most common arrhythmias encountered in clinical practice, beginning…