…the presence of hypotension, end organ hypoperfusion, shock states, and pulmonary congestion. In pregnant patients presenting with suspected acute heart failure, urgent hospital admission and…

…Enteral nutrition and drug administration when the patient cannot swallow safely, for example after a stroke. Sampling of gastric contents and evacuation in poisoning (see…

…J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81:27 33. Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, et al. Causes of in hospital cardiac arrest and influence…

…intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected to occur Death is confirmed by Direct criteria…

…2–5 a mixed pattern. Orders of magnitude that direct the work up ALT 50 × the upper limit of normal: paracetamol poisoning, ischaemic hepatitis ("shock…

…assessment of the circulation and breathing 2 Assess whether the patient has sepsis, septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3…

…requires a biopsy for direct immunofluorescence). Suspected cutaneous vasculitis, lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic…

…with a loading dose Used when a rapid effect is wanted and the patient is also receiving LMWH, for example in newly diagnosed venous thromboembolism…

…in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of GFR…

…for many of these agents, many are classified as QT prolonging solely based on their drug class or presumed pharmacodynamic effects. We provide a direct…

…should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required in certain patient populations: Pediatric patients: For patients weighing less than 50 kg, the dosing should…

…outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker (CCB). If symptoms remain…

…or collecting system. With iodinated contrast, the observed renal dysfunction may therefore reflect a combination of: direct tubular toxicity; renal haemodynamic disturbance and ischaemia; pre…

…sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected score for a person of the same age and sex CAC may also reveal extracoronary findings…

…In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it a consideration for patients with low…

…not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt consideration of an infiltrative cardiomyopathy within the appropriate clinical context. Several patient related factors influence interpretation. Natriuretic peptide…

…Thus, a patient may have acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased…

Cardiology Principles of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers…

…heart failure. Routine opening of a persistently occluded infarct related artery in a stable and asymptomatic patient is by contrast not recommended [1,5]. STEMI…

…cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure…

…rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome…

…bearing skin. 5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The…

…Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of 70 and A3 is at higher…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…used as a filtration marker. CKD is one of the strongest independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. Cardiovascular risk rises progressively…

…upper limit of the "healthy" range can still harbor significant metabolic risk. 3 For patients with a BMI below 35 kg/m², direct assessments such…

…with a family history of high Lp(a); individuals with cardiovascular disease that is not explained by major conventional risk factors; patients at moderate risk…

…particles. Increased apoB containing particles and remnants may provide a more accurate assessment of atherogenic burden than LDL cholesterol alone in patients with diabetes. Insulin…

…should initially be explored carefully through direct questioning. Where resources permit, objective assessment may include directly observed treatment or detection of prescribed medications in blood…

…ventricular systolic function. These methods elucidate slightly different aspects of systolic function and their combined use allows for careful mapping of systolic function. It is…

…is rather complicated and not within the scope of this discussion. The bottom line, however, is of direct clinical relevance and states that increased afterload…

…direct targeted interventions toward them. A permanent pacemaker is generally indicated when reversible causes are absent and the patient is symptomatic or at risk of…

…of traumatic cardiac arrest often exhibit favorable neurological outcomes ( Rawshani et al ). Traumatic cardiac arrests typically result from mechanisms that render chest compressions ineffective. For…

…primary pacemaker of the heart. It directs the heart rhythm during normal circumstances and the rhythm is referred to as sinus rhythm . Parts of the…