…TAD on the electrocardiogram. Echocardiography in ARVC Echocardiography shows global right ventricular dilation. The left ventricle and the septum are generally spared. Regional wall motion…

…Dilatation of the right ventricle. Dilatation of the right atrium. Pulmonary hypertension. Left to right shunt. Right ventricular dysfunction due to pressure/volume overload is…

…the right ventricle and right atrium, leading to right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure. Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral…

…aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular volume overload, which gradually causes right ventricular failure. The ventricle…

…increased intramural pressure in the right ventricle, which is counteracted by dilatation of the ventricle. Dilatation of the right ventricle results in reduced intraventricular pressure…

…activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is drowned by the many times larger vector generated by the left ventricle…

…because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance…

…pulmonale: right atrial enlargement (hypertrophy, dilatation) Enlargement of the right atrium is commonly a consequence of increased resistance to empty blood into the right ventricle…

…left ventricular enlargement, right ventricular enlargement and atrial enlargement. Below follows a discussion on the principles and differences of dilatation and hypertrophy, as well as…

…of the right ventricle, resulting in a prolonged and abnormal QRS complex on the ECG. The hallmark of right bundle branch block is QRS duration…

…to the QRS morphology during LBBB. Stimulation in other regions of the ventricle may result in a different QRS morphology. If the lead tip is…

…than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration is…

…the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is the time interval from…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…ECG signs of left atrial enlargement 3 Left axis deviation 2 QRS duration ≥90 milliseconds 1 Prolonged R wave peak time: V1 V2 (right ventricle)…

…fraction (EF) may be reduced because the end diastolic volume of the ventricle (EDV) is reduced. Constrictive pericarditis also leads to right sided heart failure…

…the left ventricle partially or entirely outside the specialized conduction system. This slower conduction results in a prolonged QRS duration. The defining features of LBBB…

… it does not exclude Diastolic collapse of the right atrium and right ventricle The cardinal echocardiographic finding A dilated inferior vena cava without respiratory variation…

…LBBB) Electrocardiographic Criteria and Characteristics Left bundle branch block is characterized by a significant reorganization of the activation and recovery patterns within the left ventricle…

…fascicular block, the myocardium without fascicular supply will depend on impulses spreading from other parts of the ventricle (where the fascicle is intact). Figure 1…

…an already strained right ventricle. Clinical probability in the stable patient The Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism: Criterion Points : : Clinical signs of deep vein thrombosis…

…programming. The simplest pacemaker systems consist of a pulse generator and one lead, which is located either in the right atrium or the right ventricle…

…displacement, annular dilatation, or both; progressive ventricular remodeling may also occur in primary valvular disease. Increasing severity of mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes…

…of His (which means that both bundle branches will conduct the impulse to each respective ventricle) the QRS complex is normal (i.e QRS duration…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…activated (depolarized) simultaneously. The rapid activation of the ventricles yields a narrow QRS complex (defined as QRS duration <120 ms). The cardiac action potential The…

…be −30° to 90°. Normal values and differential diagnoses Prolonged QRS duration: left bundle branch block. Right bundle branch block. Non specific intraventricular conduction delay…

…stenosis results in increased right atrial pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies…

…titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure…

…Reperfusion therapy Management Recommendation Level of evidence Reperfusion is indicated in all patients with symptoms of ischaemia of <12 h duration and persistent ST segment…

…is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation — may continue for at m

…circulatory flow arrest. No flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and…

…and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left…

…and aVF (with QRS duration <0.12 seconds), provided that other causes of right axis deviation have been excluded. Causes of left axis deviation Left…

…in V6 with QRS duration <120 ms) D: Profound sinus bradycardia (<30 beats/min or sinus pauses ≥3 s) Explanation: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block…

…different position or a different vessel. Choice of site Vessel Advantages Disadvantages : : : Internal jugular vein (right) Best ultrasound conditions, a straight course to the superior…

…impaired renal venous outflow and persistent right sided congestion may be important mechanisms. Diuretics relieve the hemodynamic consequences of congestion by producing a negative sodium…

…bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right…

…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

…delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than 110 ms in adults, greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age…

…water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL…

…Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block (RBBB) in leads V1–V3, but the QRS duration is not prolonged in leads…

…The initial portion of the QRS complex is smooth in ventricular tachycardia. SVT has a sharp start of the QRS complex. R wave duration ≥40…

…may understate the possibility of ischaemia. A focused history should establish: Quality of the discomfort. Location and radiation. Onset and temporal pattern. Duration and recurrence…

…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left ventricular…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…wall stress, which can be alleviated by ventricular hypertrophy and dilation: Wall stress = (Pressure LV × radius LV ) / (2 × WT LV ) LV = left ventricle;…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…and the arrhythmia itself. This remodeling manifests as interstitial fibrosis, atrial dilation, and endocardial denudation, which collectively promote local inflammation and create a highly prothrombotic…

…in the left ventricle and left atrium. Chronic aortic regurgitation leads to dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Cardiac remodeling Ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…dilation can subsequently impair left ventricular ejection fraction. Enlargement of the left ventricle predisposes to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. In advanced alcohol related cardiomyopathy, dilation…

…days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of…

…the dilution step, not in the choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless otherwise stated. When the weight of a…

…of fraction of left ventricular volume ejected per beat and of ventricular end diastolic and residual volumes. Experimental and clinical observations with a precordial dilution…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…for calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). QT correction according to Bazett , Fridericia , Framingham and Hodges follow in the calculator below. Open the calculator → Normal…