…a large number of parameters have been introduced to assess left ventricular function. The majority of these parameters can be calculated or approximated using two…

…of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risks. The diagnostic prerequisite for clinical AF remains the documentation of the arrhythmia via a standard 12 lead ECG or…

…10 mL of 100 mg/mL in hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, calcium channel blocker poisoning 0.2 mL/kg Sodium bicarbonate 50 mmol in hyperkalaemia or tricyclic…

…prevent, or alleviate, the pressure increase in the left ventricle and left atrium. Chronic aortic regurgitation leads to dilatation and hypertrophy of the left ventricle…

…artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or its branches. The larger the thrombus, the…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…

…vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is drowned by the many times larger vector generated by…

…cannot distinguish whether large QRS amplitudes are due to dilatation or hypertrophy. Because the majority of the literature in the field of electrocardiology has focused…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…The duration of therapy requires an individualized balance between: Ischaemic risk, including recurrent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis. Bleeding risk, particularly major or life threatening…

…many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is…

…occurs in LVH. Deep S wave in V5 or V6 ( 6 mm) Large RS complexes in multiple leads P pulmonale Figure 1. ECG changes seen…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…plasmapheresis or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous…

…a common cause (Figure 1). The duration of the P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial abnormality/enlargement Biatrial abnormality implies that…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…and where no liver, lung or vessel lies in the path of the needle. Access Puncture site Direction Comment : : : : Subxiphoid 1–2 cm below and…

…usually visible on plain films. Irrigation fluid: a copious volume of drinking quality tap water or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL. The volume matters more…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…the gestational duration remains uncertain, the cesarean section should be pursued if the fundal height of the uterus reaches or surpasses the level of the…

…and duration of exposure to cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention Primary prevention targets people without clinical CVD who nevertheless have established risk factors or an…

…clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes…

…duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition to prolonged QRS duration…

…inelastic and rigid, which limits the dilatation. It allows the pericardium to limit the filling of the chambers when the volumes become too large. Thus…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…years of age without meeting the criteria for RBBB or LBBB." These conduction delays may be observed after large myocardial infarctions, in which the large…

…1 large box equals 200 ms). The hallmark of both RBBB and LBBB is the QRS duration which is by definition 120 ms or longer…

…X linked or other non autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance…

…a large meal, emotional upset, or cold exposure. The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may…

…for decades, and it has been regarded as a benign form of ST segment elevation with slurring or notching at the J point. A notch…

…delivers the electrical impulse to the posterior and inferior walls of the left ventricle. Anatomical or functional block in the anterior fascicle leads to left…

…suggested to calculate corrected QT intervals. Some of these formulas follow: Bazett's formula for calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). Bazett Formula: QTc = QT…

…instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock, serious arrhythmia or acute…

…marked renal failure. Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a persisting risk factor, or recurrence. Special situations Situation…

…the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 s)…

…is larger in unipolar pacing, as compared with bipolar pacing. The latter yields a discrete stimulation artifact, which may be visible in one or a…

…larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration…

…a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency. Sustained hypoperfusion reduces oxygen and nutrient delivery and, when severe or prolonged…

…The larger the infarction, the higher the troponin level and the longer the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I…

…water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL…

…of the Pupillary Reflex in Cardiac Arrest The pupillary light reflex is controlled by a simple neural circuit: light signals travel from the retina via…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…syndrome), osteogenesis imperfecta typically causes prolapse of P2 (Figure 1). Myocardial ischemia affecting the papillary muscles or the connected myocardium may cause mitral prolapse, and…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…and P3 (posterior or lateral scallop). Figure 1. Anatomy of the mitral valve The leaflets are connected to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae (Figure…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…fluid ounces of 40% distilled spirits. Habitual heavy consumption is defined in the source material as at least eight drinks weekly in females or at…

…or other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…of titration is abandoned — when a fixed dose is given without assessment, when a modified release preparation is started in an opioid naive patient, or…

…to measure the QT interval Measurement of the QT interval may be difficult due to T wave changes. Causes of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics (procainamide…

…flow across the mitral valve. The duration of diastasis is inversely related to heart rate (diastasis is shorter at higher heart rates and vice versa ).

…deceased — in the donation register, on a donor card, or through statements made to the next of kin. Active malignancy with a risk of transmission …