…and prognosis of most cardiac diseases, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, structural heart disease, etc. Over the years, a large number of parameters…

…consequence of this triad is severe: cardioembolic strokes associated with AF are typically larger, present with more severe neurological deficits, and carry higher rates of…

…the dilution step, not in the choice of dose. Paediatric doses are calculated on actual body weight unless otherwise stated. When the weight of a…

…Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease Calcified aortic valves Idiopathic aortic dilatation (aneurysm) Hypertension Aortic dissection, proximal Marfan syndrome…

…ventricle, which is counteracted by dilatation of the ventricle. Dilatation of the right ventricle results in reduced intraventricular pressure and thereby reduced myoardial load. Pulmonary…

…back to the right atrium and venous system, resulting in dilation of vena cava inferior ( 2.1 cm). Severe tricuspid regurgitation may lead to systolic…

…vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is drowned by the many times larger vector generated by…

…concern hypertrophy. QRS duration Hypertrophy may cause a slight prolongation of the QRS duration because it takes longer to depolarize the large ventricular mass. It…

…VT]). The VF waveform is initially coarse ( i.e fibrillatory waves have large amplitudes) but as the duration of VF is prolonged, the amplitude gradually…

…is also indicated. Possible shortening of DAPT A duration of 6 months after ACS is generally considered too short for routine use, but it may…

…many times larger than the vector generated by the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of left ventricular depolarization. QRS duration is…

ECG Hypertrophy and dilatation Biventricular hypertrophy Simultaneous hypertrophy of the left and right ventricle is rather common. The ECG has low sensitivity with respect to…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…or other extracorporeal therapy (requires a large bore dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen…

…a common cause (Figure 1). The duration of the P wave will exceed 120 milliseconds in lead II. Biatrial abnormality/enlargement Biatrial abnormality implies that…

…hypertrophy (RVH). The electrical vector of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6…

…the only absolute indication, and always urgent. A large pericardial effusion with symptoms despite medical treatment. Diagnostic drainage in suspected purulent pericarditis, tuberculosis or malignancy…

Procedurer The result of a repair is determined before the first needle goes in. A wound that has not been irrigated clean, has not been…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…the gestational duration remains uncertain, the cesarean section should be pursued if the fundal height of the uterus reaches or surpasses the level of the…

…more events than a major reduction in risk among a small number of high risk individuals. This principle underlies the population approach to cardiovascular prevention…

…clinical patterns of AF—paroxysmal, persistent, long standing persistent and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes…

…T changes occur invariably in the presence of LBBB. The following ECG criteria and characteristics are used to diagnose LBBB: QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds…

…inelastic and rigid, which limits the dilatation. It allows the pericardium to limit the filling of the chambers when the volumes become too large. Thus…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…delay is defined as “a QRS duration greater than 110 ms in adults, greater than 90 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age…

…The hallmark of right bundle branch block is QRS duration ≥0,12 seconds, large R' wave in V1/V2 and a broad and deep S…

…autosomal dominant mechanisms. Complex or multifactorial genetic architecture. The inheritance pattern affects the appropriate scope and duration of family surveillance. For example, heterozygous carriers in…

…characteristics of angina; many patients report less characteristic symptoms, while others present primarily with exertional dyspnoea. Symptoms should be characterized systematically, including: Onset and duration…

…3 Brugada syndrome. Refer to Figure 2 for ECG example of type 1 Brugada syndrome (note the large J waves in V2–V3). Figure 2…

…instead of qR complex. The electrical axis will be shifted to the left (left axis deviation), ranging between 45° and 90°. The QRS duration will…

…suggested to calculate corrected QT intervals. Some of these formulas follow: Bazett's formula for calculating corrected QT duration (QTc). Bazett Formula: QTc = QT…

…ischaemia, heart failure, electrical instability or a large area of myocardium at risk. Over 48 hours: urgent PCI is still indicated with continuing ischaemia, shock…

…associated thrombosis. Warfarin in antiphospholipid syndrome and in marked renal failure. Duration of treatment: at least 3 months. Extended treatment in unprovoked pulmonary embolism, a…

…the ventricles it will spread partly or entirely outside of the conduction system and thus produce a wide QRS complex (QRS duration ≥0.12 s)…

…QRS complex. Two artifacts are seen if both chambers are paced. The stimulation artifact is larger in unipolar pacing, as compared with bipolar pacing. The…

…larger than the right ventricle, the QRS complex is actually a reflection of the electrical potentials generated by the left ventricle. QRS duration QRS duration…

…blocker exposure. The incidence of cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI has fallen with prompt reperfusion and reduction of infarct size. Earlier estimates approached 20%, whereas contemporary…

…The larger the infarction, the higher the troponin level and the longer the duration of elevated troponin levels. Differences in absolute concentrations of troponin I…

…water soluble and short acting, not a depot preparation, and gives a shorter duration of effect. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL without adrenaline , 2–5 mL…

…light causes rapid bilateral pupillary constriction (a brisk reflex), whereas low light causes dilation. This reflex is highly sensitive to brainstem integrity and cerebral perfusion…

…DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied by impaired left…

…help determine expected normal values based on body surface area (BSA), aiding in the diagnosis of aortic root dilation. Key Formulas BSA Calculation (Mosteller formula): [ …

…to dilation of the mitral annulus and papillary muscle displacement (i.e the distance between the papillary muscle and the mitral annulus increases), both of…

…ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia) can also cause this cardiomyopathy. The duration of the tachyarrhythmia appears to be a stronger risk factor…

…Tetralogy of Fallot Marfan syndrome Takayasu's arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation…

…Time to onset of action 5 to 15 minutes Duration of action 1.5 to 5 hours Delivery IV Dose 5–15 mg/hour IV…

…right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure. Echocardiography in mitral stenosis Echocardiographic assessment of mitral stenosis includes visual and 2D imaging, as well…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…inhibitors Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect…

…although the exact exposure threshold and duration required are not established. The source material identifies chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and…

…other ECG changes (see below) should lead to a suspicion of ARVC. The gradual loss of myocardium leads to ventricular dilation and right heart failure…

…pressure, which subsequently causes right atrial dilation. Vena cava inferior may also dilate secondarily. Principles of management Medical therapies do not alter disease progression. Diuretics…

…days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of…

…reference to the intravenous antihypertensive drugs used in a hypertensive emergency. It summarises the mechanism of action, the onset, the duration of effect, the dosing…

…titration. Half of all opioid dosing errors arise at the dilution step, and an undiluted syringe of 10 mg/mL makes small adjustments impossible. Procedure…

…to measure the QT interval Measurement of the QT interval may be difficult due to T wave changes. Causes of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics (procainamide…

…flow across the mitral valve. The duration of diastasis is inversely related to heart rate (diastasis is shorter at higher heart rates and vice versa ).

…is also what makes the decision hold afterwards. Organ preserving treatment — treatment given solely for the sake of the donation — may continue for at m