…steroid that cross reacts in the cortisol assay, whether the samples were taken at the right times, and whether you know which decision threshold your…

…and age dependent, and the severity and manifestations of disease may differ substantially among carriers. Consequently, a normal examination or cardiac investigation at one point…

…Variable, often deep Pain Moderate, relieved by elevation Severe, worse on elevation, better when dependent Often painless (neuropathy) Surrounding skin Hyperpigmentation, oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, eczema Pale…

…pads would go. Transvenous pacing: the relative contraindications are the same as for a central venous catheter — coagulopathy, infection at the puncture site, known thrombosis…

…• Relative contraindications are ileus, glaucoma. Isoprenaline / Isoproterenol α 1, α 2, β 1, β 2 agonist Start infusion at 4 μg/min and titrate…

…of accumulation and the compliance of the pericardium. Rapid accumulation may cause tamponade with a relatively small volume, whereas a slowly enlarging effusion may reach…

…LDL C. Statin therapy also produces a modest, dose dependent reduction in triglycerides. The benefit of statins extends beyond angiographic reduction of coronary obstruction. Intensive…

…the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or…

…first Blood pressure 200/110 mmHg at rest Treat first Electrolyte disturbance Correct Second or third degree AV block Depending on the indication Marked anaemia…

…Device function and battery status. Whether the patient is pacemaker dependent. Whether the device has been recently interrogated and whether any malfunction has been identified…

…registries. The uncertainty is often obvious when interrogating witnesses, bystanders and health care professionals. The person may have some circulation despite circulatory collapse (e.g.…

…Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based planning at the societal level…

…Importantly, for the ventricles to have any electrical (and thus pumping) activity at all, an escape rhythm must arise in an ectopic focus (located distal…

…or wide QRS complexes, depending on its origin. There is no relation between P waves and the escape rhythm's QRS complexes, and atrial rhythm…

…portion of its transmembrane pore, ivabradine reduces the slope of diastolic depolarisation and produces a dose dependent reduction in sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction…

…and rather complex. Indeed, myocardial mechanics constitute a whole research field. Cardiac function is also dependent on circulatory, pulmonary, renal and neurohormonal factors. These factors…

…dangerous differential diagnoses [1,2]. STEMI and other ECG patterns suggesting acute coronary occlusion are time dependent conditions. The decision on immediate reperfusion is based…

Referensvärden BMI is a population measure that performs poorly at the level of the individual: it does not distinguish muscle from fat and takes no…

…points) Severe Renal Disease: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 mL/min or dialysis dependent (3 points) Age ≥75 years: (2 points) Prior Bleeding: History…

…Flushing. Palpitations. Tolerance with prolonged use. Methemoglobinemia. Hypoxemia. Caution Proceed with caution in afterload dependent conditions. Nitroglycerin doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…avoid cyanide toxicity. • Dose dependent reduction in coronary and renal perfusion. • Dose dependent elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) and reduction in cerebral blood flow. Caution …

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…The electrophysiological mechanism underlying TdP involves prolonged ventricular repolarisation, which allows for the recovery of time dependent inward currents. This process creates early afterdepolarisations (EADs)…

…sinus rate. In the AV node, adenosine produces a transient, rate dependent prolongation of the A H interval, frequently manifesting as transient first , second , or…

…risk, access to care, clinical assessment and treatment. These influences are particularly important because women have historically been perceived as being at lower cardiovascular risk…

…PCSK9 synthesis decreases circulating PCSK9, increases the availability of hepatic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) receptors at the cell surface, and thereby enhances removal…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…thereby limiting infarct size and preserving myocardial function. The benefit of reperfusion is strongly time dependent. The interval from symptom onset to reperfusion is determined…

…can be performed at the bedside, avoids ionizing radiation, and can be repeated. It is, however, operator dependent and its diagnostic performance is influenced by…

…setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should undergo continuous electrocardiogram monitoring throughout the entire peri operative period to assess rhythm stability [10]. References…

…to calculate; if the left ventricle contains 100 ml of blood at the end of diastole and 40 ml is pumped out during systole, then…

…dependent elimination. Agent Standard dose in atrial fibrillation Criteria for dose reduction according to FASS : : : Apixaban 5 mg × 2 2.5 mg × 2 if at…

…VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes generated in the ventricles at 100 bpm (cycle length: <600 ms)…

…atrial electrical activity. This activity most commonly presents as a characteristic saw tooth pattern at rates typically exceeding 200 beats per minute. While ECG appearances…

…and toes. Pain that is worse at night or when the limb is horizontal. Improvement when the leg is placed in a dependent position. With…

…patient’s clinical context and the results of all relevant investigations. Haemodynamic definition At rest, PH is defined invasively by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure…

…ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Unstable angina (UA) is an acute coronary syndrome characterized by myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion…

…VT) Ventricular arrhythmia Definition and classification Ventricular tachycardia (VT) Definition : ≥3 consecutive QRS complexes generated in the ventricles at 100 bpm (cycle length: <600 ms)…

…away from the transducer. Objects moving towards the transducer will compress the sound waves and reflect them at a higher frequency. Objects moving away from…

…The equality of kinetic and pressure energy at two separate points can be formulated as follows: Formula 1 : P 1 + K 1 = P 2…

…disease. The stenosis can be fixed or dynamic, depending on the underlying etiology. Pulmonary stenosis can be valvular (i.e stenosis localized in the valve)…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…The occlusion may be complete or partial, depending on the size of the thrombus and the plaque. The patient will experience severe chest pain due…

…approximately 75–100%, depending on coronary dominance. Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction of at least 50%. Severe proximal disease…

…action potential. This action potential prolongation exhibits reverse use dependence, meaning the repolarization time is extended to a greater degree at slower heart rates. Sotalol…

…involve coronary or non coronary factors, and ischaemic thresholds vary substantially between individuals depending on the magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac…

…modern devices are capable of transmitting ECG tracings continuously to cloud based platforms, which enables the clinician to examine intracardiac ECGs at any time. However…

…the ultrasound beam. The operator can sit on either side of the patient, depending on preferences. The operator should have an elbow rest, and also…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…take place with the patient's ongoing consent, and be able to be stopped at any moment. A trauma informed approach also improves the technical…

…high dose salbutamol in marked hyperkalaemia if there is no contraindication. 5. At the same time, start treatment that eliminates potassium from the body. 6…

…septic shock, or a need for high dependency or intensive care 3 Take at least two sets of blood cultures from separate peripheral punctures. Also…

…why, or the patient at risk of carbon dioxide retention is given 15 litres on a reservoir mask and drifts off into a respiratory acidosis…

…national or regional poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious…

…formulas can vary depending on the heart rate and individual patient characteristics. Bazett’s formula has a tendency to overcorrect or undercorrect at extreme heart…

…disease Consider palliative care Right ventricular failure is characterized by increased right atrial and right ventricular pressures with systemic congestion. Interventricular dependence may impair left…

…Its resolution is substantially higher than that of IVUS, approximately 5–20 µm depending on the system, compared with roughly 70–200 µm for gray…

…is performed by paramedics, nurses or physicians, depending on the design of the pre hospital system. ACLS involves placing an advanced airway, defibrillating shockable rhythms…

…boundaries represent acoustic reflectors at which some of the ultrasound energy is reflected and the remainder continues through the tissues. Depending on the difference in…

…life support (BLS) 1. Safety at the scene The first step in BLS is to check the scene for safety. BLS can only commence if…