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A new ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death

…resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography…

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

…A substantial reduction in pulmonary perfusion and the subsequent reduction in left ventricular preload lead to a cascade of hemodynamic alterations which may culminate in…

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH): ECG criteria & clinical characteristics

…of the left ventricle is enhanced in LVH, which results in large R waves in left sided leads (V5, V6, aVL and I) and deep…

Abscess incision and drainage

… risk of fistula Surgeon, often operative management Breast Cosmesis, milk ducts, malignancy differential Surgeon or mammography Sole of the foot Deep compartments Orthopaedic surgeon Close…

Ankle-brachial index (ABI)

…ulcers and before deciding the level of amputation. Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications. Refrain or modify in: Deep vein thrombosis in the leg — cuff…

Anticoagulants: quick reference for dosing, renal adjustment and reversal

…edoxaban Prothrombin complex concentrate, consider within 15 hours of the last dose. Andexanet alfa where available Low molecular weight heparin Protamine has only a partial…

Endotracheal intubation

…and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction: inhalation injury, anaphylaxis, deep neck infection, an expanding haematoma…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…embolism or deep vein thrombosis. Acute myocarditis, pericarditis or endocarditis. Acute aortic dissection. Physical inability to perform the test safely. Relative: Condition Comment : : Left main…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute phase. Septic phlebitis…

Lumbar puncture

…drainage in idiopathic intracranial hypertension and in assessment before shunt surgery. Contraindications Clinical signs of herniation — deep unconsciousness with unreactive pupils, an altered breathing pattern…

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