…a), abbreviated Lp(a), is an LDL like circulating lipoprotein particle. It contains one molecule of apolipoprotein B covalently attached to apolipoprotein(a). The length…

…AV block 1, 2 & 3) Evaluation of patients with suspected AV blocks requires a thorough medical history (with emphasis on causes of AV blocks; please…

…cells. The resulting voltage gradient between normal and ischaemic myocardium generates currents of injury that are expressed on the surface ECG as ST segment displacement…

…Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications…

…Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These medications…

…Previous pelvic irradiation on the intended side (yields fibrotic, unrepresentative marrow — choose the other side). A patient who cannot lie still — plan for sedation rather…

…Procedure 1. Position the patient correctly. The lateral position with the back towards you, the knees drawn up, the chin on the chest, and the…

…instructors worldwide. Basic life support (BLS) 1. Safety at the scene The first step in BLS is to check the scene for safety. BLS can…

…extremely short elimination half life of 1 to 6 seconds. Most of the drug's pharmacological effects are produced during its first passage through the…

…nurses, paramedics and physician assistants who rely on such books will realize their shortcomings at their first encounter with an ECG in reality. Books that…

…significant geographical variations. Roughly 25% of children with congenital heart disease require intervention during their first year of life ( Triedman et al ). According to the…

…territory at risk has been described as approximately 75–100%, depending on coronary dominance. Significant left main stenosis is generally defined as a diameter reduction…

…before further diagnostic evaluation. The underlying endotype must first be defined, because management depends on the mechanism responsible for symptoms and ischaemia. The increasing prevalence…

…sinoatrial node discharges the first action potential, which spreads through the myocardium like a wavefront in water. Specific ion channels located on the cell membranes…

…for Cardiology: Lyon et al: Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: a Position Statement from the Taskforce on Takotsubo Syndrome of the Heart Failure…

…initial rhythm In cardiac arrest, the initial rhythm (on the first recorded ECG) is a very strong predictor of survival. This is because cardiac arrest…

…protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients. Hypoglycaemia on the ward is more dangerous than moderate hyperglycaemia over a few days. Principles Insulin component Function Who…

…Known — perform the test only on a clear indication and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with…

…The reasons for this are explained below. The normal P wave contour on ECG The normal P wave (Figure 1, upper panel) is typically smooth…

Procedurer Almost all nosebleeds arise from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often…

Njurmedicin Lathundar Acute management on call Acute kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine…

…imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG)…

…extensive first pass hepatic metabolism through CYP3A4. Dose adjustment is required in severe hepatic or renal impairment, and clinically relevant interactions occur with CYP3A4 inhibitors…

…is in. The three phases following a sudden cardiac arrest were described by Weisfeldt and Becker (2002). Drawing on physiology, observational and experimental studies, they…

…poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when dialysis should be considered…

…This chapter focuses on practical diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College…

…and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis , which describe processes that lower…

…failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain, but the effect on the…

…aged 40–75 years without diabetes and with LDL C between 70 and 189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event…

…on hypokalaemia alone therefore misses a substantial proportion of cases. The cardiorenal and cerebrovascular consequences of unrecognized PA make early case detection clinically important. Current…

…humps. This is often (but not always) seen on ordinary ECG tracings and it is explained by the fact that the atria are depolarized sequentially…

…6 minutes (Lipton et al). Survival in cardiac arrest is highly dependent on the initial rhythm (first recorded rhythm). The initial rhythm is a marker…

…is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on…

…and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess…

…for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended methods evaluate left atrial and left ventricular function, geometry…

…yet no reliable model currently exists for the long term prediction of sudden cardiac arrest. The constraint does not lie in therapy: implantable cardioverter defibrillators…

…getElementById('score_card').style.display = "block"; } function getInterpretation(score) { // Provide the interpretation based on the score var interpretation = ""; if (score == 0) { interpretation…

…A history of increasing frequency of hospitalizations and visits for heart failure without disease recognition in the 3 years preceding diagnosis is also a notable…

…the ventricle at the end of diastole) that is pumped out during systole. Currently, two dimensional (2D) echocardiography for calculation of ejection fraction is the…

…Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three components: Cardiac troponins – Elevation of cardiac troponins in…

…et al). This chapter discusses the principles of the standard echocardiographic examination. Currently, three dimensional (3D) echocardiography is the most revolutionary method, but it is…

…the pulmonary valve into the main pulmonary artery. Depending on the size and form of the thrombus, it will occlude the main pulmonary artery or…

…to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not…

…Hypoxia Life threatening edema involving the lips, tongue, and uvula causing airway obstruction Cardiovascular: Hypotension Circulatory collapse culminating in cardiac arrest Anaphylaxis can develop without…

…In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of life. Approximately half of all patients with heart failure…

…In addition, heart failure is a disabling condition with a very negative impact on quality of life. Approximately half of all patients with heart failure…

…end QRS notch or slur on the downslope of a prominent R wave. If there is a notch, it should lie entirely above the baseline…

…ventricular fibrillation. The combination of early repolarization pattern on ECG and ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac arrest is referred to as early repolarization syndrome . Early…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) without ST segment elevations on 12 lead ECG This chapter covers situations in which the 12…

…Types of ST segment elevations on ECG. Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous…

…pacing — pads applied but the device not switched on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type 2, newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

…Characteristics of ischemic ST segment depressions on ECG. Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5…

…repeated laboratory measurements, not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of…

…depend on the device, the patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of CRT, the type and location of surgery, and the anticipated current pathway…

…transmural ischemia. On the other hand, leads V1–V3 (occasionally V4) may detect the injury currents and present them as ST segment depressions. These depressions…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and Scope Primary prevention aims to prevent the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in individuals without established clinical CVD. It…

…decades but carries several limitations, most notably its reliance on ST segment elevation as the key trigger for emergent reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to…

…stress testing has been the diagnostic evaluation of coronary artery disease. However, current guidelines (ESC, AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for…

…depolarize and repolarize the ventricles ( Figure 1 ). The length of the QT interval correlates strongly with the risk of potentially life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore…