…when reductions in non cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are included. Clinical presentation and assessment Identifying tobacco exposure Every cardiovascular assessment should establish: Current smoking status…

…established ASCVD, its potential reduction in non fatal myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke must be weighed against clinically important gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding. Evidence in…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

…Beta blockers have been used for symptomatic patients, but effective doses may produce troublesome chronic fatigue. Non dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers may also be used…

…a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed with current guidelines. He said that guidelines tend to be…

…However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure is approximately 60%. The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease…

…interventions should be adapted to the current phase. However, current guidelines do not consider this fact (beyond the recommendation to defibrillate immediately if cardiac arrest…

…and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis , which describe processes that lower…

…with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage and a normal value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage…

…not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three…

…dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local source for the current indication, dosing…

…capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up. Risk groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust…

…and infusion rates may differ. Always follow the current hospital protocol and check the strength and the maximum infusion rate. Rapid overview Time from seizure…

…to 32–36 °C. The HYPERION result means that active hypothermia is still used in some units with a non shockable rhythm; this is the…

…on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type 2, newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…implantation. Beta blockers, particularly non selective agents like nadolol and propranolol, are the first line treatment for reducing arrhythmic risk across all LQTS genotypes. These…

…usually within 30 seconds. Doses higher than 18 mg are unlikely to revert a tachycardia and should not be used. Specific dosing adjustments are required…

…LVEF ≥50%. The ejection fraction classification is clinically useful but should not be regarded as a series of completely discrete diseases. Heart failure extends across…

…may also be affected by perioperative electromagnetic interference (EMI). The principal perioperative concern is interaction between the CIED and equipment used during surgery, particularly electrosurgery…

…or the inferobasal wall. Transmural ischemia located in this area yields an injury current (ST vector) directed towards the back, where there is no exploring…

…non HDL cholesterol, diabetes, body mass index, and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately…

…by blocking the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), which prolongs the plateau phase of the action potential. This action potential prolongation exhibits reverse use dependence…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

…most pacemakers use lead tips with high resistance (400 to 1200 Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller the current used…

…that incorporates pharmacological and interventional (substrate ablation) therapies [5] . This review synthesizes the current evidence base, emphasizing the 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines…

…As a result, the electrical currents produced by the myocardium are transmitted through the body to the skin, where they can be detected using electrodes…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC), as well as…

…hypertension. Developing and non Western countries rarely display the blood pressure trajectories and high prevalence of hypertension that is ubiquitous in high income Western countries…

…However, current guidelines (ESC, AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for the evaluation of coronary artery disease, which is due to the…

…judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate. This is done by adjusting the QT interval…

…according to the risk and monitor risk prospectively. Strong risk factors serve as useful predictors in prediction models. Targeting risk factors has been very successful…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5 mm in at least two anatomically contiguous leads…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm…

…and ECG electrodes . An electrode is a conductive pad that is attached to the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents. An ECG lead…

…al ). Current guidelines recommend a compression depth of 5–6 cm at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (Figure 1). These recommendations are…

…imaging is simple: sound waves are sent into the tissue and the reflected waves are used to create an image of the tissue ( Figure 1 )…

…1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for the practicing cardiologist. It meticulously details the classification…

…ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs…

…h for at least 24 hours, or anuria for at least 12 hours Use whichever criterion gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be…

…use the following simplification can be used: Grade Clinical picture Management : : : Mild allergic reaction Skin or mucosa only, stable breathing and circulation Observation, a non…

…vessels and abdominal organs is large. The sternum may be used for aspiration when the iliac crest is inaccessible, but biopsy must never be taken…

…Untreated generalised infection, or certain transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD: patients in whom death must be confirmed after a…

…with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence; a physician available. Patient preparation: A light meal is permitted;…

…pain, back pain or suspected acute aortic syndrome. 5. Use the correct cuff size. A cuff that is too small overestimates the blood pressure. 6…

…for pain). An opioid is rarely the right choice in nociplastic or neuropathic pain, in chronic non cancer pain, or in headache. A failure to…

…poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when dialysis should be considered…

…resistant to resolution. Known predictors of cardiac arrest The only risk biomarker in genuinely widespread use is left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), measured by echocardiography…

…anxiety Social support and practical barriers to participation Occupational and sporting goals Current pharmacological treatment Early assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is recommended before…

…stenosis exceeds 70%. Patients being assessed before non cardiac surgery should be questioned specifically about neurological symptoms during the preceding 6 months. Those with symptoms…

…is related to the absolute reduction in LDL C, regardless of the drug used to achieve it. Absolute benefit depends on baseline cardiovascular risk and…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…Measurement Who should be tested? Current recommendations support measuring Lp(a) at least once in every adult’s lifetime. Testing is particularly relevant in: individuals…

…make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and aldosterone, although the strongest indications arise…

…attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has identified the relevant…

…the myocardium. Current guidelines, however, still recommend the use of the J point for assessing acute ischemia ( Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, Thygesen et…

…coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has guided clinical decision making for decades but…

…arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic…

…ST depressions, T wave inversions and pathological Q waves may be used to diagnose myocardial ischemia and infarction. Symptoms – Patients with acute myocardial infarction may…