…mortality are included. Clinical presentation and assessment Identifying tobacco exposure Every cardiovascular assessment should establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking…

…groups: current or former smokers over 40 with respiratory symptoms, and occupational exposure to dust, gas or fumes. Preoperative assessment before thoracic or upper abdominal…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is an antiplatelet drug that irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase and thereby suppresses thromboxane A2 synthesis…

…if SaO2 < 90% or PaO2 < 60 mmHg. I C Pain Titrated i.v. opioids. IIa C Anxiety Tranquillizer (e.g benzodiazepine) is considered…

…or “funny,” current in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. This current is a mixed inward Na⁺/K⁺ current activated by hyperpolarisation and contributes to spontaneous diastolic…

…a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed with current guidelines. He said that guidelines tend to be…

…predisposition) interact to trigger ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These factors interact and vary over time. Some factors vary from second to second (e.g…

…interventions should be adapted to the current phase. However, current guidelines do not consider this fact (beyond the recommendation to defibrillate immediately if cardiac arrest…

…and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis , which describe processes that lower…

…or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage…

…admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three components: diabetes or hyperglycaemia, ketosis…

…antidote or dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local source for the current…

…seizure lasting at least 5 minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold…

…the body temperature to 33 °C has not been shown to improve survival or the neurological outcome compared with keeping the patient normothermic — but fever…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…D., Pagan, E., Wang, M., Mohsin, M., Peterson, D., Bagnardi, V., Zareba, W., & Priori, S. G. (2022). Independent validation and clinical implications of the risk…

…D., Pagan, E., Wang, M., Mohsin, M., Peterson, D., Bagnardi, V., Zareba, W., & Priori, S. G. (2022). Independent validation and clinical implications of the risk…

…Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside present throughout the body that interacts with G protein coupled A1 receptors located on the extracellular surface of cardiac cells…

…prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF Symptoms and/or signs of heart failure Required LVEF…

…CRT pacemaker, or CRT D. Manufacturer and model. Lead configuration and, where relevant, whether leads are unipolar or bipolar. Implantation history and current indication. Device…

…the posterior wall, or the inferobasal wall. Transmural ischemia located in this area yields an injury current (ST vector) directed towards the back, where there…

…and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the risk of all…

…exerts no membrane stabilizing effects. The class III antiarrhythmic effect is achieved by blocking the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), which prolongs the plateau phase…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

…field depolarization currents (P or QRS), and ignore near field repolarization currents (T waves), as well as far field currents (i.e currents generated by…

…current ($I {Na}$) and are identified in 20% to 30% of probands [7] . Historically, expanded genetic panels implicated over 20 other genes (e.g…

…As a result, the electrical currents produced by the myocardium are transmitted through the body to the skin, where they can be detected using electrodes…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…and evidence based interventions. Many tachyarrhythmias carry a potential risk of serious morbidity or mortality, underscoring the need for a structured and guideline directed approach…

…and the current treatment target levels for patients with and without diabetes. The threshold for hypertension is currently 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm…

…stress testing has been the diagnostic evaluation of coronary artery disease. However, current guidelines (ESC, AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for…

…tachycardia (e.g during physical exertion). Therefore, to judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate…

…these efforts have not borne fruit. Our current ability to predict cardiac arrest remains poor at best. A key explanation for this is the stochastic…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5 mm in at least two anatomically contiguous leads…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm…

…Importantly, the vast majority of recommended ECG criteria (e.g. criteria for acute myocardial infarction) have been derived and validated using the 12 lead ECG…

…knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With current strategies…

…vibrations generate sound waves with frequencies between 1.5 and 8 MHz (i.e ultrasound). Thus, piezoelectric crystals can convert electric currents into ultrasound waves…

…associated with acute myocardial ischemia, electrolyte derangements, or underlying channelopathies (e.g., Torsades de Pointes in Long QT Syndrome) [1] . Underlying Etiologies The etiology of…

…Previous hypercapnia, NIV or invasive ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids…

…2. Measure the urine output. Perform a bladder scan in oliguria, anuria or unexplained AKI. 3. Assess the circulation and volume status, including signs of…

…Anaphylaxis is a rapidly developing systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can cause life threatening compromise of the airway, breathing or circulation. Skin symptoms may be absent…

…marked obesity or when the supine position is necessary. After previous punctures: change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full…

…Untreated generalised infection, or certain transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD: patients in whom death must be confirmed after a…

…continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence;…

…urine or rapidly developing swelling. Pregnancy, gestational week and recent delivery. Pre eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or…

…started in an opioid naive patient, or when a conversion between drugs is made without reduction for incomplete cross tolerance. Indications Acute severe nociceptive pain…

…Procedure 1. Contact your national or regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling…

…study, PET, SPECT, genetic profiling — add information but are too costly or invasive to screen a population. The surface ECG is the obvious cheap, standardized…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD, or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetes…

…Thus, even a modest absolute reduction may be clinically important in individuals at high or very high risk. Prolonged exposure to lower LDL C concentrations…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp…

…Current European recommendations advise screening adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and aldosterone, although the strongest indications arise in patients with resistant or severe…

…Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict further drug escalation. Previous PCI, CABG, or attempted chronic…

…wave. Because of the long duration of the plateau phase most contractile cells are in this phase at the same time (more or less). Moreover…

…Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (OMI) versus Non Occlusion Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds…

…Palpation of pulses : carotid, femoral or radial artery. According to current guidelines, laypeople do not need to perform the 3 rd assessment (reliable assessment of…

…downstream, causing microvascular embolization (i.e occluding smaller vessels downstream). The thrombosis causes occlusion of the artery; blood flow may be partially or completely obstructed…