…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

…influences. The severity of myocardial injury is determined not only by the epicardial obstruction but also by the vulnerability of the myocardium and coronary microcirculation…

…In patients with pericarditis complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are…

…Myocardial vulnerability, largely driven by coronary microvascular dysfunction, also contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as…

…pulse, and active movement of every tendon crossing the wound. A tendon injury can be painless and gives normal passive movement — test actively against resistance…

…of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate into the cranium Absolute Corrosive injury…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T and troponin I have emerged as the preferred biomarkers because they are extremely sensitive and specific for myocardial injury…

…g daily in females as capable of causing cardiomyopathy. Several mechanisms contribute: Direct toxic effects on cardiomyocytes Disruption of intracellular signalling and protein synthesis Electrical…

…squeezing, or a crushing sensation across the precordium and may radiate to the neck, shoulder, jaw, back, upper abdomen, and left or right arm. Onset…

…income countries for more than half a century, causing approximately 20% of all deaths in these regions. Mortality rates and case fatality in coronary artery…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…former). Even small pressure elevations on the right side can compromise venous return to the right ventricle. Therefore, in the presence of a tamponade, chest…

…cases of STE ACS lead to myocardial infarction (elevated troponin levels), whereafter the condition is classified as ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) . The thrombus causing…

…Most of these have atherosclerotic heart disease (coronary artery disease) as the underlying cause. Other common causes are cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic or dilated), arrhythmogenic right ventricular…

…symptomatic effusion causing pain or restricted movement (therapeutic aspiration). Intra articular corticosteroid injection in verified inflammatory or osteoarthritis related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the…

…the drainage is stopped for coughing, chest pain, or when the volume limit is reached. Indications Diagnostic aspiration: a new pleural effusion of unclear cause…

…concept of a distinct "cough hypersensitivity syndrome" has emerged, emphasizing the putative role of sensitized sensory nerve endings and afferent neural pathways in causing chronic…

…lesions causing ischaemia have been treated. Conversely, angiographically satisfactory stenting may leave clinically relevant residual ischaemia, particularly after complex coronary intervention. The clinical importance of…

…length of at least 20 mm. These characteristics are incorporated into the J CTO score, which estimates the likelihood of successful antegrade guidewire crossing within…

…and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus …

…occlusion causing transmural ischemia and requiring urgent reperfusion, even in the absence of classic ST elevation. Multiple studies have demonstrated the superior sensitivity of OMI…

…branch block morphology is more common (regardless of heart rate) among persons with heart disease. Alternating block (right and left bundle branch block alternating from…

…gallstone. Figure 1. Gallstone causing acoustic shadowing. Reverberations artifacts Ultrasound waves can be reflected multiple times between dense structures ( i.e structures with high echogenicity)…

…or coughing before cardiac arrest also speak for anaphylaxis (airway obstruction caused by a foreign body is an important differential). Treatment of anaphylaxis and cardiac…

…Hypocalcemia, although capable of causing cardiac arrest, is an infrequent occurrence. Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia are exceedingly rare precipitants of cardiac arrest. Sodium…

…Bradycardia causing hemodynamic instability is a potentially life threatening condition and should be managed urgently. The risk of cardiogenic shock is high and pharmacological interventions…

…absolute quantification. The resting myocardium rarely reveals evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical, potentially causing angina during rest. Patients…

…syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract…

…restoration of sinus rhythm (or any other rhythm with normal ventricular rate and activation). Recovery may, however, take several months. Table 1. Arrhythmias causing tachycardia…

…crossing. Exact times are needed for continued management and quality follow up. STEMI: time targets and choice of reperfusion Primary PCI is the method of…

…atrium. An electrode placed in the oesophagus at the right level therefore records atrial depolarisation with an amplitude the surface ECG can never achieve, and…

…with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual…

…drug induced arrhythmias in patients receiving agents known to alter the electrical properties of the heart (inducing QRS or QT prolongation) or causing electrolyte abnormalities…

…antihypertensives, should prompt clinical suspicion [1]. Cardiac Signs and Symptoms Patients often present with symptoms of predominant right heart failure, including lower extremity edema, ascites…

…Lesions causing only mild obstruction may rupture, thrombose and occlude. Many acute myocardial infarctions arise from lesions that previously obstructed less than 50% of the…

…chest discomfort; symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia despite normal or non obstructive coronary arteries; dyspnoea; fatigue; and recurrent symptoms causing impaired quality of life. Women…

…separate chapter discusses Long QT syndrome (LQTS). A complete list of drugs causing QT prolongation can be found here. Corrected QT intervals (QTc) can be…

…management of ventricular rate. However, AF causing acute haemodynamic instability requires prompt treatment, with electrical cardioversion preferred. Evaluation and risk assessment The evaluation of a…

…and bundle branch block. Cardiac monitoring is indicated for patients with a high pretest probability of arrhythmia causing syncope. In hospital monitoring is reserved for…

…at any age. Exercise, or any other activity causing adrenergic stimulation, increase the risk of syncope, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest. ARVC can cause…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…In the vast majority of cases, the re entry circuit in atrial flutter is located in the right atrium and it typically loops around the…

…Hemodynamic effects of cardiac tumors The hemodynamic effect of the tumor depends on its size and location. Tumors can reduce cardiac output by causing obstruction…

…such as necrotic tissue after myocardial infarction (refer to Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias). It is often difficult to clarify the exact mechanism causing cardiac arrest

…with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1. Drug manual…

…LCX or the right coronary artery (RCA). For details, refer to chapter The Coronary Arteries. Mitral valve disease A wide range of conditions may cause…

…and infarction Myocardial ischemia: cellular changes, ECG signs and development of infarction Like all other cells in the human body, cardiac myocytes use ATP (adenosine…

…causing vasodilation. Dobutamine Dobutamine is a chronotropic and inotropic agent. It increases heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure, thereby simulating the effects of exercise…

…causing minimal radiation exposure. It is metabolically inert and diffuses freely across cell membranes, allowing for precise quantification of myocardial blood flow and assessment of…