…injury, making attribution to contrast alone difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk…

…apical ballooning syndrome, stress induced cardiomyopathy) Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to…

…constricted, light responsive pupils suggest a favorable prognosis. In contrast, dilated, light unresponsive pupils are indicative of cerebral anoxia or brain death and constitute an…

…ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Left bundle branch block (LBBB) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI): clinical implications & Sgarbossa criteria Contrary to right bundle branch block…

…centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear poisoning, with…

…AV block. Constipation Contra indications Bradycardia. Caution • Clonidine may induce severe hypotension. • Clonidine is not recommended in most patients with severe cardiovascular disease or in…

…this demographic on a global scale. Numerous substances possess the potential to induce cardiac arrest or cause profound cardiopulmonary depression. Table 1 delineates substances for…

…When the contractile myocardium receives the action potential, it is activated and contracts. Figure 1 illustrates the sinus node and the components of the conduction…

…Definition and scope Coronary angiography is an invasive fluoroscopic procedure in which contrast media are injected selectively into the epicardial coronary arteries through a catheter…

…a non invasive method for detecting and quantifying calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque. It is performed using a non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan…

…and myocardium have intermediate values. Iodinated contrast increases the attenuation of the blood pool and permits delineation of the coronary lumen. Coronary imaging is technically…

…and Clinical Role Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is a catheter based investigation that visualizes the coronary arterial tree after selective intracoronary contrast injection under fluoroscopy…

…is suspected. 7. Review all medication, including over the counter preparations, herbal remedies, contrast media and recently stopped drugs. 8. Treat sepsis, bleeding, shock, hypoxia…

…within minutes by changing ventilation. Renal compensation for a primary respiratory disturbance, by contrast, develops over hours to days [1,2]. Six steps Step Question…

…Severe coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulation — correct this first . Thrombocytopenia, by contrast, is not a contraindication; the specimen may be taken even at very low platelet…

…fluid or blood products. Contrast medium for CT (this requires a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk…

…haematuria with clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies of the urinary tract. Wound healing with a sacral pressure sore or extensive…

…sacs may contain mural thrombus, which can contribute to peripheral embolization and may reduce the apparent luminal diameter on contrast aortography. AAA growth is variable…

…varies considerably according to age and the presence of concomitant risk factors. In contrast, patients with confirmed hypertension generally require BP lowering treatment without additional…

…of at least 70% is low, reported as 0–3.1%. In contrast, within selected high risk populations, prevalence may be sufficiently high for targeted…

…disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in renal function. By contrast, hypertensive urgency describes severe hypertension without clinical evidence of acute, ongoing target organ damage…

…reperfusion, with recovery generally occurring within one week. By contrast, chronic hypoperfusion may result in hibernating myocardium: a persistently dysfunctional but potentially recoverable state. The…

…macrophages, resulting in a red, fibrin rich thrombus. In contrast, plaque erosion tends to occur in vessels with little or no lipid core, rich proteoglycans…

…congestion detected by B lines on lung ultrasound Myocardial perfusion when ultrasound contrast agents are used The technique is particularly useful because it is rapid…

…which allows for ventricular filling to complete prior to ventricular contraction. In contrast, contractile cells–and Purkinje fibers in particular–are rich in gap junctions…

…diastolic dysfunction) or electrical changes (ST T changes on ECG) become apparent. In contrast, modalities like echocardiography and ECG typically identify ischemia at later stages…

…begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring…

…looking up triggers a new attack. A patient with vestibular neuritis or stroke, by contrast, is already continuously dizzy. Head movement then worsens the symptoms…

…during anaesthesia, a drug infusion or the administration of contrast medium Skin symptoms are absent in approximately 10 to 20 percent of anaphylactic reactions. The…

…when the shock is delivered, and that the thromboembolic risk has been dealt with before the atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that…

…kidney injury, hypoxia, shock, before contrast studies and before surgery. A risk of lactic acidosis SGLT2 inhibitor Stop in acute illness, fasting and surgery. A…

…those with LVEF ≤50% in the cited North American guideline discussion. By contrast, the benefit of beta blockers in patients with CAD without previous MI…

…benefits of blood pressure lowering among the frailer participants enrolled in trials. In contrast, observational studies have sometimes suggested that lower blood pressure may be…

…distribution [4, 5]. In contrast to acute myocardial infarction, pericarditis lacks prominent reciprocal ST depression and does not evolve into pathologic Q waves [4]. Additionally…

…a predominantly focal epicardial lesion that may not be strongly flow limiting. In contrast, preserved FFR with reduced CFR may indicate coronary microvascular dysfunction or…

…backscatter of the light signal. Imaging is therefore typically performed during contrast injection or another method of temporary blood displacement. OCT is particularly useful for…

…is to identify and treat an obstructive coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from…

…Secondary prevention Although outside the principal scope of primary prevention, secondary prevention provides an important contrast. Patients with manifest clinical disease are at high risk…

…divided into three angiographic patterns: Type Angiographic appearance Diagnostic considerations Type 1 Contrast staining of the arterial wall with multiple lumens or radiolucent channels The…

…less likely to cause STEMI because collateral vessels may develop over time. By contrast, an acute thrombus may form at a site that was previously…

…ventricles. When the contractile myocardium receives the action potential, it is activated and contracts. Figure 1 illustrates the relevant components of the conduction system, the…

…In such cases, ECG patterns may provide critical clues to an LMCA culprit lesion. In contrast, a critical but subtotal LMCA stenosis may cause su

…a larger portion of the myocardium, thereby intensifying chest pain. In contrast, NSTEMI and UA typically involve partial occlusions, resulting in subendocardial ischemia and comparatively…

…The resulting glucosuria and natriuresis reduce proximal tubular workload, contract plasma volume and modestly lower blood pressure. Increased sodium delivery to the macula densa restores…

…Figure 1 A ). The plateau phase has a long duration which enables the majority of the ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. Since the membrane potential…

…orientation. As explained below, this enables the ventricle to contract in several directions simultaneously. The subendocardium is the muscle layer closest to the endocardium. The…

…ventricle with varying orientation. This organization allows the left ventricle to contract in a highly sophisticated and effective way (Figure 1). Myocardial fibers adjacent to…

…impulse transmission in the network. Cells of the atrioventricular node, on the contrary, have a low density of gap junctions, explaining the slow impulse conduction…

…in rest images compared to stress images. This pattern contrasts with the typical expectation in myocardial perfusion imaging, where defects are more pronounced during stress…

…well with the severity and extent of ischemia. In the setting of moderate ischemia, the myocardium becomes hypokinetic, meaning that the ischemic segments contract less

…or pulmonic stenosis. Heart rate . Synchronicity : Optimal contraction requires the majority of all ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. For this to be possible, the right…

…during the cardiac cycle, despite the fact that cells in the apex contract as much as the cells in the basal parts. Since the apex…

Mitral valve regurgitation Primary parameters Mild regurgiation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Vena contracta (cm) < 0,3 0,3 0,69 0,69 EROA (cm²…

…regurgitation PISA radius < 0,6 0,6 0,9 0,9 Vena contracta (cm) not defined < 0,7 0,7 Liver vein flow…

…imaging, the blood count or contact with the patient's own clinic delay empirical antibiotics [1]. A practical target: give the first dose of broad…

…Initial diagnosis of STEMI ECG Management Recommendation Level of evidence A 12 lead ECG should be interpreted immediately (within 10 minutes) at first medical contact…

…an intuitive basis. Consider the fact that the left ventricle contracts and ejects blood into the aorta roughly 100,000 times daily, each time overcoming…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…4. Establish whether the condition is new or clearly worse than baseline. Contact relatives, home care services, the residential care home or the previous care…

…or an intraocular foreign body — shield the eye with a rigid shield, give systemic antibiotics and contact an ophthalmologist urgently . A positive Seidel's sign…