…explanation: Seizures A deeply reduced level of consciousness Coma Marked drowsiness, for example a Glasgow Coma Scale below 8 Vomiting together with clear neurological impairment…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…the separate quick reference. Forgetting to review the dose as the corticosteroid is tapered. The dose must come down in parallel, otherwise hypoglycaemia will follow…

…hypertension, and preeclampsia. Collectively, they affect approximately 5–15% of pregnancies worldwide and are major contributors to maternal, fetal, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Their…

…Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely…

…body's capacity for heat elimination. Hyperthermia can induce an inflammatory state similar to the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS). Body temperatures surpassing 40°C (104°F…

…quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises the order in which measures are taken and the principles that are common to all protocols…

…during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness, loss of pharyngeal reflexes, vomiting with a risk…

…glucose to the brain can cause: difficulty concentrating irritability or abnormal behaviour slurred speech visual disturbance confusion focal neurological signs drowsiness or unconsciousness seizures coma…

…muscle cramps, apathy, confusion, impaired reflexes. Severe <115 mmol/L Seizures, coma, respiratory arrest, brainstem herniation and death. Table 2. Grading of hyponatremia. Hypernatremia Hypernatremia…

…s outcome: Neurological injury Myocardial dysfunction Systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia Effects of the underlying cause of cardiac arrest Neurological injuries may cause coma…

…Lathundar Three questions come up again and again on call: which dose, how long to interrupt treatment before a procedure, and how to reverse in…

Echocardiography The Continuity Equation: What Goes In Must Come Out As previously discussed, stroke volume is usually calculated by measuring area and VTI (velocity time…

…often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off, the patient has not kept a diary…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…precisely the point. Ask the patient to keep the eyes open and look straight ahead — without open eyes there is no diagnosis. Procedure The Dix…

…From basic cardiac physiology to the nuanced strategies of evidence based management, this book and course have been meticulously crafted. ECGwaves.com welcomes readers regardless…

…Hence, right ventricular hypertrophy must be pronounced in order to come to the expression on ECG. Moderate right ventricular hypertrophy may not alter the ECG…

…ecgwaves.com/course/sudden cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation cpr/ Approximately 80% of individuals who suffer a sudden cardiac arrest have ventricular fibrillation prior to…

…A red eye where the diagnosis is not obvious. Suspected acute glaucoma (tonometry). Contraindications Absolute contraindications to instrumental removal: Suspected penetrating injury or an intraocular…

…a head rest, preferably an ENT chair; raise the chair to your eye level. A head lamp or another directable light source, an operating otoscope…

…respiratory cycle and where the lung does not come up against the probe on inspiration. 3. Measure the skin to pleura distance on the scr

…ms 450 ms 470 ms Table 1 . Reference intervals for QTc duration according to Bazett's formula. Note that a QTc interval 480 is always…

…7 ). The explanation for this is as follows: The vector resulting from activation of the right ventricle does not come to expression , because it is…

…tachycardia (NCT). Adenosine typically causes a short lasting second or third degree AV block which may be unpleasant to the patient. This side effect lasts…

…obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Moreover, certain other tachyarrhythmias predispose to developing atrial fibrillation: atrial flutter, AVNRT and AVRT (pre excitation, WPW syndrome) being the most…

…hypercalcemia and hypothermia The J wave – also referred to as Osborn's wave – is defined as a wave occurring at the J point ( Figure 1…

…Treatment of first degree AV block Refer to Management of Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks https://ecgwaves.com/topic/av block 1 2 3 treatment management ecg…

…severe disturbance of ventricular repolarization, which usually prevents other ST T changes (such as those arising from ischemia) to come to expression on ECG. Therefore…