…even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess ischaemic heart disease risk associated with heavy smoking. Consequently, reducing the number of cigarettes smoked…

…a large change in TSH. During acute illness the TSH can be falsely low or high in the absence of thyroid disease; repeat it once…

…Untreated delirium tremens has historically carried a high mortality. With modern sedation, supportive treatment and treatment of the precipitating illness the prognosis is considerably better…

…BCG Slow, local effect Contraindications Absolute: Infection, a wound, scar tissue, a tattoo or skin disease at the injection site. Known hypersensitivity to the preparation…

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

Procedurer Alkalinising the urine increases the excretion of weak acids by keeping them in a charged form in the tubular fluid, where they cannot be…

…activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions…

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

…whereas heterozygous carriers of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic architecture HCM is…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…chest pain the primary task is to exclude or verify the following potentially life threatening causes of chest pain: Ischemic heart disease : stable angina pectoris…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually notice that ECG interpretation is markedly facilitated by using an algorithm, as it minimizes the risk of…

…Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…oxidized phospholipids carried on the particle. Genetic and Mendelian randomization studies support a causal relationship between Lp(a) associated genetic variants and coronary artery disease…

…oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

…as the procedure carries both benefits (life saving therapy) and risks (e.g., device related complications). Monitoring disease progression By periodically recalculating the SCD risk…

…High intensity statin therapy remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…which patients rarely achieve. Patients are usually limited by leg fatigue, discomfort, cardiovascular disease, lack of motivation, etc. Moreover, measuring peak oxygen uptake is technically…

…hyponatraemia chiefly carries a risk of cerebral oedema, while rapid correction of chronic hyponatraemia carries a risk of demyelination [5]. The severity of the symptoms…

…Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high…