…involvement of the ascending aorta: Stanford type A: involves the ascending aorta, with or without extension into the arch or descending aorta. Stanford type B…

… progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried on the…

Procedurer Alkalinising the urine increases the excretion of weak acids by keeping them in a charged form in the tubular fluid, where they cannot be…

…activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions…

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

…men 1.0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

…major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess…

…autosomal dominant family, whereas heterozygous carriers of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic…

…than corresponding LDL C goals. Apolipoprotein B ApoB is the principal structural apolipoprotein of atherogenic lipoproteins. Each atherogenic lipoprotein particle carries one apoB molecule. Consequently…

…Untreated delirium tremens has historically carried a high mortality. With modern sedation, supportive treatment and treatment of the precipitating illness the prognosis is considerably better…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and carefully…

…been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of heart failure is virtually synonymous with knowledge of HFREF…

…been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of heart failure is virtually synonymous with knowledge of HFREF…

…carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually notice that ECG interpretation is markedly facilitated by using an algorithm, as it minimizes the risk of…

…Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most…

…is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

…maintain a MAP of at least 65 mmHg and at the same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L. This combination carries a high…

…estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians and patients. This is particularly important when considering ICD implantation, as the procedure carries both…

…maximum tolerated statin dose. This recommendation carries Class I status with Level B evidence in the chronic coronary syndrome lipid lowering recommendations. Acute coronary syndrome…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…carried out on a treadmill. In many parts of the world, the bicycle is preferred over the treadmill, as will be discussed later. Role of…

…hyponatraemia chiefly carries a risk of cerebral oedema, while rapid correction of chronic hyponatraemia carries a risk of demyelination [5]. The severity of the symptoms…

…Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high…